The ruling of the U. S. Supreme Court Essay Example for Free

The ruling of the U. S. Supreme Court Essay The ruling of the U. S. Supreme Court in Beth Ann Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 524 U. S. 775 (1998) laid down precedent on the application of the Civil Rights Law as it addressed a woman’s quest for justice. Having accused and proved her two supervisors liable for sexual harassment, Faragher appealed the lower court’s ruling exculpating the City from liability. The decision, penned by Justice Souter, delved at length on the theories propounded on the case and sought to define the parameters by which an employer may prove non-liability. This study will be confined to a discussion of the material facts and issues vis-a-vis the liability of the respondent employer insofar as it touches upon the reasonable care doctrine, reasonable person standard, and reasonable victim standard. The facts of the case narrated herein are taken from the Supreme Court decision. A college student, Beth Ann Faragher worked part-time as lifeguard for the Marine Safety Section of the Parks and Recreation Department of the City of Boca Raton, Florida between the years 1985 and 1990. She was under the immediate supervision of Bill Terry, David Silverman, and Robert Gordon. During the hours of work, Terry and Silverman subjected Faragher and the other female lifeguards to acts of sexual harassment. Faragher complained to no one, although she did mention it to Gordon whom she respected, but he did nothing. Two months before Faragher resigned, a female lifeguard formerly employed by the City wrote the City Personnel Director complaining that she and her co-workers had been harassed by Terry and Silverman. The City ordered a probe and upon finding the two guilty of improper behavior, reprimanded them and made them choose between suspension without pay or forfeiture of annual leave benefits. Faragher resigned in June 1990. In 1992, she brought an action before the U. S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida against Terry and Silverman alleging that they created a â€Å"sexually hostile atmosphere† at work which amounted to a violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Law. She likewise impleaded the City on the ground of its agency relationship with the two men. (Faragher, 1-2) Faragher alleged that Terry and Silverman subjected her and the other female lifeguards to â€Å"uninvited and offensive touching†, lewd remarks, and language offensive to women. She told the Court about Terry’s alleged statement that he would never promote a woman to the rank of lieutenant. Silverman, on the other hand, allegedly asked her either to date him or clean the toilets for a year. It was established that Terry could hire personnel(subject to approval by higher management) counsel or orally reprimand subordinates and have the same recorded. Lifeguards and their supervisors observed a paramilitary chain of command: the former reported to the lieutenants and captains who in turn reported to Terry. The latter was under the supervision of the Recreation Superintendent who reported to the Director of Parks and Recreation who answered to the City Manager. (Faragher, 2) The City had adopted a policy on sexual harassment which the City Manager disseminated to employees by memorandum. This was revised in May 1990 while Faragher was still in the service but it did not reach the employees of the Marine Safety Section, thus, the respondent supervisors and many lifeguards were not aware of it. (Faragher, 2) The District Court ruled in favor of Faragher, concluding that Terry and Silverman were guilty of harassment that altered the conditions of their employment, resulting in an abusive working environment. Likewise, it found the City liable on three grounds. First, the City was deemed aware of the harassment because of its pervasiveness. Second, the City was liable under the principle of agency, i. e. , the act of the agent is the act of the principal. Third, Gordon’s knowledge of the harassment and his inaction was a further basis to impute liability to the City. (Faragher, 3-4) The District Court’s decision insofar as the City is concerned was reversed on appeal. The Court of Appeals of the Eleventh Circuit, through a panel of justices, ruled that the City could not be held liable on the basis of the agency principle, that Terry and Sullivan did not act within the scope of their employment when they committed the acts complained of, nor did the City have constructive knowledge thereof. The Court of Appeals sitting en banc adopted the conclusion of the panel. Its ruling was based on an earlier decision of the Court of Appeals in Meritor Savings Bank, FSB v. Vinson, 477 U. S. 57 (1986). In that case, the Court found three conditions under which an employer may be held indirectly liable for hostile environment sexual harassment by a superior: â€Å"(1) if the harassment occurs within the scope of the superior’s employment; (2) if the employer assigns performance of a nondelegable duty to a supervisor and an employee is injured because of the supervisor’s failure to carry out that duty; or (3) if there is an agency relationship which aids the supervisor’s ability or opportunity to harass his subordinate. † (Meritor, 6). As to the first, the Appeals Court held that the acts of the supervisors were â€Å"frolic†: unrelated to their duties and were done for their own personal ends. As to the second, it was ruled that the mere existence of an agency relationship between the supervisors and the City did not give rise to liability on the latter’s part as there was no showing that such relationship assisted them in perpetrating their acts. As to the third, the Court found no constructive knowledge on the part of the City as regards the harassment. In fine, the Supreme Court disregarded the arguments of the Court of Appeals and found in favor of Faragher. (Faragher, 5) As argued by the District Court, the act of the agent is presumed the act of the principal. In applying this rule the District court held that â€Å"an employer is strictly liable for a hostile environment created by a supervisor’s sexual advances, even though the employer neither knew nor reasonably could have known of the alleged misconduct. † This automatic liability rule is challenged by those who claimed that constructive knowledge may be substituted for direct knowledge. For example, a supervisor who makes decisions that tend to affect the economic status of an employee is deemed a proxy of the employer which makes the latter liable thereon. Also, personnel actions of a supervisor like promoting, firing, hiring and the like which discriminate against employees would make his employer vicariously liable for those acts. In a sense, a supervisor is considered always assisted by the employer by virtue of his superior position in the workplace. A co-worker may easily brush off the sexual advances of an equal; not so with a supervisor. Thus, Faragher contended` that the power held by Terry and Silverman over her enabled them to carry on their harassment with impunity. Some courts were of the view that some standards were needed in those cases where there is no clear showing that the employer had knowledge, constructive or otherwise, of the harassment committed by his supervisors. In Faragher, it was evident that the City could not have aware of the intermittent sexual abuse committed by Terry and Sullivan. Gordon did not inform any of his superiors about Faragher’s problem. (2). Moreover, the City through the Personnel Director had issued a memorandum informing employees about the procedures to bring their complaint against any sexual harassment. Faragher had informed Gordon about her plight, albeit in an informal way. (Faragher, 2) Was the City liable? Meritor laid down the ruling that neither â€Å"the existence of a company grievance procedure nor the absence of actual notice of the harassment on the part of upper management would be dispositive of such a claim; while neither might be relevant to the liability, neither would result automatically in employer immunity. † (6). The Court further stated that the absence of notice to employer did not necessarily insulate that employer from liability. However, it declined to give a definitive rule on employee liability ( 7). Vicarious liability is supported by the view that employers generally derive benefit from the service of their supervisors; thus they should bear the risk of any wrong arising from their employment. The employer should likewise answer for any damage sustained by a common employee on the principle that the latter worked for the employer’s benefit; consequently, the employer must assume such risks on the basis of equity and fairness. Notwithstanding these views, it was held in Faragher that one more condition was needed to satisfy the evidentiary requirement for a finding of vicarious liability. Two alternatives were given by the Court: â€Å"(1) require proof of some affirmative invocation of supervisory authority by the harassing supervisor, or (2) recognize an affirmative defense to liability in some circumstances, even when a supervisor has created the actionable environment. †(Faragher, 16) The first alternative, as the Court itself admits, may be impractical in most instances since no supervisor is presumed foolhardy enough to court harassment suits by announcing his threats. As to the second, the employer is afforded the opportunity to prove that he â€Å"had exercised reasonable care to avoid harassment and to eliminate it when it might occur, and that the complaining employee had failed to act with like reasonable care to take advantage of the employer’s safeguards and otherwise to prevent harm that could have been avoided. † To invoke this defense, the employer must show that he had taken reasonable care or exercised foresight to prevent sexual harassment in the premises, knowing by human experience that such incidents are likely to occur, as in this case where the men held sway over the women by reason of their superior position. This affirmative defense has two elements: â€Å"(1) that the employer exercised reasonable care to prevent and correct promptly any sexually harassing behavior, and (2) that the plaintiff employee unreasonably failed to take advantage of any preventive or corrective opportunities provided by the employer or to avoid harm otherwise. †(Faragher, 18). The doctrine of reasonable care mandates that every person shall conduct his affairs towards his fellowmen with sufficient care as any reasonable person would do in any given circumstance, failing in which, he may be held liable for any injury that may be sustained by others so affected by his actions. What is â€Å"reasonable† is a question of fact most often left to the judgment of the courts. This principle is akin to that of tort law which governs the liability of masters over the acts of their servants. It adopts the applicable principles of common law and those governing quasi-delict which impute liability to the employer for the negligence of his employees, the vehicle owner to the driver, the master of the household to the helper. The owner of a vehicle, for example, becomes the defendant in a civil action for damages if his driver inflicts damage to a third party. His defense would be that he exercised due diligence in hiring his driver, such as requiring him to show proof that he had not been in any accident and had no derogatory record on matters of driving. According to Wikipedia, â€Å"the reasonable man or reasonable person standard is a legal fiction that originated in the development of the common law. The reasonable person is a hypothetical individual whose view of things is consulted in the process of making decisions of law. †(no indicated page) Minnesota adds: â€Å"Besides being an objective standard, the ‘reasonable person’ standard is an adult standard. †(home page). The reasonable person standard applies as well to the purported victim. The victim must prove he or she was not remiss in doing what a reasonable person would have done in his or her place. By analogy, in criminal law, rape victims must prove they put up sufficient defense to prove that the sexual act was committed forcibly against their will. The reasonable victim standard is that applied in the case of the person wronged. Faragher did not avail herself of the grievance procedure prescribed by the City as mandated by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission(EEOC), as she â€Å"was completely isolated from the City’s higher management† during the period of harassment. (Faragher, 19). The term â€Å"reasonable victim† may have evolved from the realization that in determining what constitutes a reasonable person standard, gender must be taken into account. According to Hamilton, the term â€Å"reasonable woman† was used when a Florida District Court, ruling in Robinson v. Jacksonville Shipyards, Inc. called for a â€Å"sexually hostile work environment† to be evaluated through the eyes of a â€Å"reasonable woman. † Years later, the U. S. Supreme Court used a â€Å"reasonable person† standard in deciding Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc. (2) According to Alexander: Applying the ‘reasonable victim’ standard not only helps plaintiffs, but also helps the justice system as a whole by defeating societal stereotypes perpetuated by the application of the â€Å"reasonable person† standard. By allowing defendant employers to claim an affirmative defense to the sexual harassment claims of their employees, the court would help protect cautious, law-abiding employees from frivolous claims. The second prong of the defense would require employees to report sexually harassing conduct to their employers promptly, and at the same time, require employers to eliminate harassing conduct in the workplace swiftly or risk discipline in court. (home page). Faragher is a landmark decision in that it gave the definitive rule to determine employer liability not given by the Court in Meritor. The problem of sexual harassment may never be eradicated, human beings being as they are, but a concerned employer with forethought, through a competent human resource department, may considerably reduce its occurrence at the workplace. From Faragher, human resource departments should take cognizance of the importance of constant meaningful dialogues between and among employers and their personnel workers and supervisors alike to immediately stop whatever harassment are being committed against members of either sex. Finally, a continuing education program aimed at removing gender bias and sexual prejudice, encouraging victims to speak out and assert their rights or seek redress before the proper forum, combined with the continuous monitoring of workplaces and giving employees reasonable access to legal assistance, are positive steps towards this end. WORKS CITED Alexander, Kamla, â€Å"A Modest Proposal: The Reasonable Victim Standard and Alaska Employers’ Affirmative Defense to Vicarious Liability for Sexual Harassment†. Alaska Law Review. Cited 17 Alaska L. Rev. 297 http://www. law. duke. edu/journals/alr/ Alexander Hamilton Institute Inc. , â€Å"A Legal Look at the ‘Reasonable Victim’ Standard† Personnel Legal Alert. August 2, 2004, Vol. 16, No. 5 http://www. ahipubs. com/samples/08-02-04pla. pdf. Meritor Savings Bank, FSB v. Vinson 477 U. S. 57 http://caselaw. lp. findlaw. com Minnesota Office of Citizenship and Volunteer Services, â€Å"Planning It Safe: How to Control Liability and Risk in Volunteer Programs, Revised Edition. 1998 http://www. energizeinc. com. art/html Supreme Court of the United States, â€Å"Beth Ann Faragher v. City of Boca Raton† 524 U. S. 775 http://www. national center. org/FaraghervBocaRaton. 98. html Wikipedia, â€Å"Reasonable Person Standard† http://en. wikipedia. org

The Color Purple vs. The Joy Luck Club Essay -- essays research papers

The Color Purple is a biased, unbalanced view into the life of black women during the early to mid-nineteen hundreds. While it is obvious that a woman who in her own right is racist, chauvinist, and ignorant to the way that the world really works wrote the novel, it has been requested that the class write a paper on the story. Whilst this writer does not agree with this novel or anything that Alice Walker thinks or feels, obligingly this paper is been written. The Color Purple and the Joy Luck Club had many similarities, the most notably the presence of weak, ill bred, and quite frankly embarrassing male characters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most obvious example of one of these unfortunate male characters is of course Albert from the Color Purple. Throughout the novel, Albert is portrayed as an abusive agitator whose main concerns are money, sex, and making sure things are in their â€Å"place†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Dear God, Harpo ast his daddy why he beat me. Mr. ________ say, Cause she my wife.† (Walker, 23) Only the most ignorant of men, even if they believed this would make that reply, fueling the fire that this author feels to have Alice Walker burned at the stake. Especially considering that Alice herself admitted that she does not think fondly of the male race. Albert, throughout the book, is in no way portrayed as a good man until the very end when his whole world comes crumbling down because Celie finally stood up for herself and left with Shug. This writer feels that this is indirectly saying that men are weak and can not function in life without a â€Å"strong Woman† to guide them. I will add personally that a woman does not make a man, actions and attitude make a man. That being said, Albert is not a good man, but he realizes this and changes his ways towards the end of the story which I feel deserves him a great deal of respect.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Having slandered Alice Walker like that, this writer cannot overlook the fact that Amy Tan’s novel The Joy Luck Club does not convey a flattering view on men. While all of her male characters are minors ones at best, each one conveys a different distinct shortcoming. Harold, Lena’s husband, is completely oblivious to his wife’s feelings making him self-centered. After viewing the list of expenses on the refrigerator Lena’s mother and her had a discus... ... he had indeed been cheating on her. This fact only came out when he called her after the divorce asking for the house to start a new family. This revelation is not a proud day for men, fictional character or not.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the end, the fact that men like all of these actually exists, cannot be disputed. However, focusing on the shortcomings of someone always puts them in a negative light. This writer could easily produce a novel featuring women who do much of the same thing or perhaps I could bash a certain religion, race, or how about talking trash about homosexuals? I do not do this because it gets us nowhere and in reality, it is wrong, everyone has shortcomings. Focusing on the positive of out civilization is the way to go. I feel that the chauvinism displayed by both of these authors is a detriment to the novelists who manage to take unbiased views on the world. While both of these novels are widely shared and respected throughout the literary world, perhaps it is time to stop looking so deep into books to analyze how the theme of colonialism affected Nettie on page two-twelve and look at the facts that are in bold face. The Color Purple vs. The Joy Luck Club Essay -- essays research papers The Color Purple is a biased, unbalanced view into the life of black women during the early to mid-nineteen hundreds. While it is obvious that a woman who in her own right is racist, chauvinist, and ignorant to the way that the world really works wrote the novel, it has been requested that the class write a paper on the story. Whilst this writer does not agree with this novel or anything that Alice Walker thinks or feels, obligingly this paper is been written. The Color Purple and the Joy Luck Club had many similarities, the most notably the presence of weak, ill bred, and quite frankly embarrassing male characters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most obvious example of one of these unfortunate male characters is of course Albert from the Color Purple. Throughout the novel, Albert is portrayed as an abusive agitator whose main concerns are money, sex, and making sure things are in their â€Å"place†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Dear God, Harpo ast his daddy why he beat me. Mr. ________ say, Cause she my wife.† (Walker, 23) Only the most ignorant of men, even if they believed this would make that reply, fueling the fire that this author feels to have Alice Walker burned at the stake. Especially considering that Alice herself admitted that she does not think fondly of the male race. Albert, throughout the book, is in no way portrayed as a good man until the very end when his whole world comes crumbling down because Celie finally stood up for herself and left with Shug. This writer feels that this is indirectly saying that men are weak and can not function in life without a â€Å"strong Woman† to guide them. I will add personally that a woman does not make a man, actions and attitude make a man. That being said, Albert is not a good man, but he realizes this and changes his ways towards the end of the story which I feel deserves him a great deal of respect.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Having slandered Alice Walker like that, this writer cannot overlook the fact that Amy Tan’s novel The Joy Luck Club does not convey a flattering view on men. While all of her male characters are minors ones at best, each one conveys a different distinct shortcoming. Harold, Lena’s husband, is completely oblivious to his wife’s feelings making him self-centered. After viewing the list of expenses on the refrigerator Lena’s mother and her had a discus... ... he had indeed been cheating on her. This fact only came out when he called her after the divorce asking for the house to start a new family. This revelation is not a proud day for men, fictional character or not.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the end, the fact that men like all of these actually exists, cannot be disputed. However, focusing on the shortcomings of someone always puts them in a negative light. This writer could easily produce a novel featuring women who do much of the same thing or perhaps I could bash a certain religion, race, or how about talking trash about homosexuals? I do not do this because it gets us nowhere and in reality, it is wrong, everyone has shortcomings. Focusing on the positive of out civilization is the way to go. I feel that the chauvinism displayed by both of these authors is a detriment to the novelists who manage to take unbiased views on the world. While both of these novels are widely shared and respected throughout the literary world, perhaps it is time to stop looking so deep into books to analyze how the theme of colonialism affected Nettie on page two-twelve and look at the facts that are in bold face.

Online Therapy Paper

Online Therapy Paper Keisha Lucas BSHS/352 April 8, 2013 Professor Kari Siemieniewski Online Therapy Paper Online Therapy is a service that helps people to obtain therapeutic services through an online database that is ran by a therapist or a group of therapists, who are in charge of the website. Therapeutic websites are very helpful for someone who isn’t able to get to an office setting to have face-to-face sessions.They are extremely convenient because one can have counseling sessions in the privacy of their own home with strict confidentiality and assertiveness. Serenity Online Therapy, created and founded by Carl Benedict, a licensed Clinical Professional Counselor (LCPC) in Baltimore, Maryland. His therapy entails many different areas of expertise awaiting anyone to sign up for. Through these counseling sessions, one may experience a more fulfilling and uplifting life.Carl Benedict is very well experienced in helping people who are dealing with multiple problems such as, severe depression, anxiety, addiction, panic attacks, grief and loss, childhood abuse, trauma, codependency 1 & 2, anger management, dual diagnosis, on being a therapist (Serenity, 2005-2013) The professional involved in this website is Carl Benedict, a licensed therapist who is trained in helping people with many different problems that he is trained to solve.He has a policy that strictly states each person to be at least 18 years old, the client must not be suicidal or be a threat to others and if anyone applying has any of these tendencies, they must apply for his crisis part of the website for immediate attention. The client must read Carl Benedict’s Services and Fees section.The content in this website consists of; Counseling Philosophy, Services and Fees, Confidentiality Statement, Johari Window, The Dilemma of the Traumatized Child, Crisis Counseling, Therapist Contact Information, Sitemap, Testimonials, Beginning Therapy, Texts and Photos, Chat Therapy, Payment Scale, Email Counseling, Pay pal Security. â€Å"Therapy is a process of re-claiming the repressed or denied parts of yourself so you can become a whole person. In essence, you will be embarking on a journey to your True Self-the person you were meant to be before emotional pain diverted you from your path. (Serenity, 2005-2013) Online Therapy is viewed and occurs as a uniquely set experience, not the same as face-to-face therapeutic experience, but a new one that may be helpful to a certain group of people but not all. It’s a new service that is being tried out and there has been a small portion of research that exists to support being its productivity. This doesn’t mean that the website of online therapy is of non-effect but it is helpful for the right person in the right circumstances.This means that online therapy is not as common as the regular way to go, which is in the office, but to be offered as online therapy. I believe online therapy can be effective and helpful for the right person in the right circumstances. There are many advantages and disadvantages are; some advantages are; one can engage in therapy even if you whether homebound or living in a remote area; one will have an automatic written record of their therapy; one can choose single consultation or ongoing therapy.Some disadvantages are; risks to confidentiality due to technology; problems in helping a suicidal or homicidal client; the possibility of misunderstandings due to text-based communications. I feel that the advantages/disadvantages are intact and that they meet the required criteria to keep his practice intact. The related security issues and ethical issues, such as confidentiality and security are that Mr. Carl Benedict has been bound to protect you while online in confidentiality of all of one’s personal business, records, and personal information.The client’s information is sealed with approval that it will not be shared with anyone else and that’s guaranteed. Mr. Benedict just asks that his client’s information be sealed and not shared. Reverend Dawn Sutton is highly educated in Social Work and comes with a tremendous therapeutic approach that will definitely meet the qualifications of anyone who is in need of her services. Dawn also sticks directly to her client’s rights and will not let you down.Some professional associations and state regulatory boards of the Mental Health Department will stick behind Reverend Dawn Sutton’s credentials and back up that she is the best of the best. Confidentiality is kept into practice for all clients that Dawn Sutton comes into contact with and some of her cases are; 1)If child abuse is suspected, she will report it; 2)IF a client releases information with written authorization; 3)If a court subpoenas your records; 4) If the client is or becomes a ‘vulnerable adult†. Sunrise, 2002-2008) Sunrise Counseling Online Therapy and Counseling, Dawn Sutton, MSW, RS W is the therapist for this website. The content of this website is the definition of online therapy, emergency contact information, fees and payment methods, qualifications of therapist, confidentiality, contact information, Christian counseling, quizzes, self-help resources, client’s rights, more links, surveys and the option to send the main page to a friend.The professional involved is Dawn Sutton, MSW, RSW is a registered member of the Ontario College of Social Workers and Crisis Intervention Counselor for the First Nations and Inuit Health Branch-Ontario Region of the Mental Health Crisis Intervention Counseling Program and she is a Member of the International Society for Mental Health Online. All of her credentials can be verified. Dawn Sutton uses Christian counseling, called Shepherd Counseling, as a key tool to help heal those who are in need and to make such an impact that her clients will not ever need counseling again because of GOD, not her.Her goals are to not see them again but if she does, she will tackle the job as if it’s the first time. She abides by her own confidentiality rules and will not do anything to jeopardize them. â€Å"Online counseling is simply communicating with a qualified, professional counselor/therapist by email or chat through your computer. Whether you choose only a few email exchanges or ongoing dialogue with the therapist over time, you have the opportunity to share your concerns, pose questions, and gain further insight into the problems you are addressing. (Sunrise, 2002-2008) There are many advantages and disadvantages to online counseling that includes animosity because of the value of personal information on the client’s part. Another disadvantage is that the Counselor wouldn’t be able to observe their client’s body language of their clients. ‘Elizabeth Zelvin, LCSW, is a licensed clinical social worker and a psychotherapist with 20 years’ experience. She is a New Y ork State Licensed Clinical Social Worker. In 2000, she was the director of addiction programs, and she had a private practice in New York City.She is among many professionals that have a passion for helping people through chat and email online counseling/therapy, also known as e-therapy. ’ (Cyber shrink, 2001) If you need online therapy, you have to qualify for one of these categories; 1) you are comfortable with the Internet (email, chat or want to increase your timeline); 2) using the keyboard more or less as fast as you think or speak—spelling is less important. (Cyber shrink, 2001) The site also contains choices and categories to pick from about how to use your online therapy of your choice. There is also a section on there where Elizabeth asks â€Å"Are you the therapist for me? She wants to know that she is the right pick for those who are interested in therapy. Also, the site provides you with the pay scale of all of the prices for 60 minute chats priced at $1 00. 00, 30 minute chat $65. 00, and $45. 00 for 1 email exchange. There is a section on confidentiality and how she must obtain confidence for all of her sessions no matter the source. There is also poetry, music, articles, bios and credentials that will verify and back up all of her sources and referrals. I feel that the advantages/disadvantages for this website are very reasonable and easy to follow! They are not too strict nor are they too lenient.

Media s Portrayal Of Women - 2007 Words

In addition to the unbelievably high beauty standards women are expected to achieve as a result of the media’s portrayal of women, they are also expected to create and maintain a perfect household. Interior design is often perceived by contemporary society as a feminine interest. As a result, a majority of publications dedicated to home decoration are targeted towards women. Whether or not it is directly stated, a magazine’s attempt to target a particular sex can be identified through both the subject matter and visual content. Livingetc magazine is one of six home and style magazines produced by the British company House to Home. Livingetc is described on its website as â€Å"the homes magazine for modern living,† â€Å"perfect for design conscious homeowners with inspiring ideas.† Although the magazine does not claim to be gendered, its appearance and contents, which not only discuss interior design, but also include segments on women’s fashion, c ooking and travelling, are undeniably geared towards female readers. A reader’s initial impression of a publication usually comes from the magazine’s cover. As described in Ellen McCracken’s â€Å"The Cover: Window to the Future Self,† it is important for a magazine to establish a genre identity in order to have strong sales and readership (McCracken 99). The cover is a huge determinant of a magazine’s identity, and the genre identity â€Å"plays a role in the reader’s sense of self as she (or he) consumes it† (McCracken 99). 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Media has been a tool utilized to broadcast information and give entertainment to a broad audience for relatively some time. In many ways, the use of television has helped construct the overall understanding of society. What we visualize on television ultimately replicates the â€Å"realities of life†. The messages/images demonstrated on the air depict underlying customs sought out by society that are most reputableRead MoreGendered Medi The Influence Of Media On Views Of Gender, By Julia T. Wood1405 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Gendered media: The influence of media on views of Gender,† Julia T. Wood (1994) stated that â€Å"women are underrepresented which falsely implies that men are the cultural standard and women are unimportant or invisible† (p.31). She goes on to say that this is the main reason why media distort reality; it creates a false image of the representation that is outside the media world. In Television women continue to be predominantly lacking and many people are wondering who is to blame. As the media worldRead MoreAdvertising Advertisements And Body Image1645 Words   |  7 Pagesindustry and SROs in ensuring that women and men continue to be portrayed positively and responsibly in advertising. History - WOMEN IN ADVERTISEMENTS AND BODY IMAGE Authors have also attempted to correlate various demographic variables such as age and education, as well as geographic variables with preferences for role portrayals in advertising. Through the ages men have been considered to be financial providers, career-focused, assertive and independent, whereas women have been shown as low-positionRead MoreA Brief History And Analysis Of Portrayal Of Women Essay1422 Words   |  6 Pagesand Analysis of the Portrayal of Women in Magazines Throughout history women have been depicted and treated as an inferior to the male all aspects of life. It is without debate, that to this day, like many other countries, the United States of America is a patriarchal society, valuing men over women and using various tactics to oppress women by constructing gender roles. These gender roles are thrust upon people before birth and are reinforced through society within the media. This object here is

The Degree of the Presidents Power Essay - 1080 Words

The President was elected to run the country and therefore, has the most power of any individual. However, he cannot make a majority of the decisions alone and must make sure he keeps the approval of others in order to keep his job. The Constitution struck a fairly proper balance between empowering and limiting power of the President of the United States, but limited the power more so than empowering. Although the Constitution claimed the President as the leader of the Unites States, he is not able to single-handedly make decisions that affect our country. He is a large influence in a majority of the decisions in the government of the United States. However, he does not have complete authority over others and many of the decisions are†¦show more content†¦The sole opinion of the president is rarely used in making decisions that can affect the entire country. Additionally, the president does not even have the power to elect members of the upper houses. â€Å"Our Presid ent not only cannot make members of the upper house, but their creation, like his own, is by the people through their representatives.† (Coxe) Senators of the representatives from the house of the representatives are elected by the people of the state being represented. The members of the Congress are the ones voting on the bills and assisting the president in many of his actions and policies, yet he does not even have the power to appoint these members. Another reason that suggests the favor toward limiting the president’s power is that his actions can reflect on how long he stays in office for. The President does not have any power among any other citizens of the United States to commit any illegal offenses and not be punished. â€Å"The President of the United States would be liable to be impeached, tried, and, upon conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes or misdemeanors, removed from office; and would afterwards be liable toShow MoreRelatedConstitut ionality Of The War Powers Act946 Words   |  4 Pagesthe War Powers Act and the claim of executive privilege? Congress passed the War Powers Act that acknowledges the presidential right to take limited military action before receiving congressional approval, but requires him to file a formal report with Congress within forty-eight hours of initiating hostilities. The use of military action is limited to sixty days without congressional approval. An additional thirty days can be granted if it is necessary to withdraw the troops. 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The American President is the leader of his political party as chief of party, the ceremonial head of the American Government as chief of state, a nd a representation of the American People as the Chief Citizen. But since the Presidents power is granted to serve his people, his status is also that which is in a way equalRead MoreThe Executive Branch Of The United States Constitution1493 Words   |  6 Pagessuch as the procedures, requirements, powers and limitation of the president. The president is given some powers in Article II Section 2 of the Constitution such as making treaties, vetoing laws, and being Chief Executive of the Executive branch. The president is also the Commander in Chief of the United States Army and Navy. 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After their arrest, the police wanted to charge them with 1st degree murder, but before the trial, the NAACP heard of the case and wanted to provide legal assistance to protect their rights, out of fear that lynching might spread to the northern part of the U.S. During the first trial the temper of the crowd that hadRead MoreMilitary Campaign Planning For An Inclusive Iraqi Government1243 Words   |  5 Pagesincluding an unwise objective and wrong center of gravity (COG) and strengths, including direct approach and arranging operations, 4) examine the reframing of the operational approach over time to facilitate strategic objectives and 5) evaluate the degree to which current APEX and JP 5-0 incorporates lessons learned from OIF. The essay will conclude with a thesis summary and major takeaways. Poorly designed with an inadequate application of operational art and design, initial OIF plans failed to bridge

The Italian Renaissance Essay - 772 Words

The Italian Renaissance Throughout history many art movements have emerged that artists and styles are classified under. One large contributing movement over the time period from about 1450 to about 1600 was known as the Italian Renaissance. However, what a large portion of people do not realize is that the Italian Renaissance was actually two main movements during that period of time. Each movement had key artists and a variation in style from the other movements. These two movements in the Italian Renaissance have been named the Early and High Renaissance. The Early Renaissance which took place from c.1450 to c.1495. During this period three key artist emerged from the group these being Sandro Botticelli and Donatello.†¦show more content†¦The next stage if the Italian Renaissance came to be known as the High Renaissance. During this period three artists came to the forefront. Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael each of these artists had there own style however each where conside red now to be some of the best artists ever known to man. Leonardo da Vinci a man that rings a bell in almost any persons head when said is best known for the Mona Lisa. The version that we know however is one that Leonardo changed from a portrait from an icon of status to the known representation of a person fully engaged with the viewer. Leonardo uses a sfumato style, which blends both light and dark to create a uniform distribution. Leonardo is also known for his interpretation of The Last Supper. He takes the approach of choosing the moment after Christ announces that one of his disciples has betrayed him. Leonardo put in his painting how he feels the disciples will react. Leonardo took a new approach to almost everything he did and that is why he was one of the three for runners of the High Renaissance period. Michelangelo was a man with great talent that did not stick to a given genre. Michelangelo did painting, architecture and sculpture. The painting, which he is best known for, is Last Judgement; created displeasure because it wasShow MoreRelatedThe Italian Renaissance And The Renaissance1424 Words   |  6 PagesThe Italian Renaissance was an explosion of art, writing, and thought, that roughly lasted between 1300 to 1600. In this time each citizen, countrymen, or villager had and performed different jobs and careers. Humanism the study of Greek and Roman writings, art, and architecture, initially jump started the Renaissance, and the need for art. Artists now were inspired to use life like art and linear perspective, so art seemed and was more realistic. The start of the Italian Renaissance was theRead MoreThe Italian Renaissance And The Renaissance1158 Words   |  5 PagesThe Renaissance period is known for the revival of the classical art and intellect born in ancient Greece and Rome. The Renaissance is also a time that is marked by growth, exploration, and rebirth. The Italian Renaissance started in Florence and progressively ma de its way into Venice and then into the great city of Rome. During the Renaissance, Rome was home to some of the renowned works of art and the finest architectural masterpieces in the world - too many that still holds true today. Along withRead MoreImpact Of The Italian Renaissance1387 Words   |  6 Pagesdisappearance of the Roman Empire, the Italian Renaissance was introduced to the European culture. The Italian Renaissance was the revival of the Greek and Roman cultures in forms of art, education, and literature. The Renaissance originally began in Florence, Italy during the time of 14 A.D and eventually began to expand throughout western and northern Europe in 15 A.D. 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Bribery and murder were not uncommon tools for men to use when they wanted power. Meanwhile those same rulers patronized the arts a great deal and they would commission the best artistic minds of the time to build, design and paint their palaces and churches and later on their own portraits andRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Northern and Italian Renaissance807 Words   |  4 PagesItalian High Renaissance artists achieved ideal of harmony and balance comparable with the works of ancient Greece or Rome. Renaissance Classicism was a form of art that removed the extraneous detail and showed the world as it was. Forms, colors and proportions, light and shade effects, spatial harmony, composition, perspective, anatomy - all are handled with total control and a level of accomplishment for which there are no real precedents. Leonardo da Vinci was a Florentine artist, one of theRead MoreEssay about Italian and Northern European Renaissance758 Words   |  4 PagesItalian and Northern European Renaissance The Italian and Northern Europe Renaissances were both an important mark in history by changing the ideals of life, thought, culture, and art of the people’s of this time. In this paper I will explain the motive for change in these cultures, including the similarities and differences of the two cultures. The Italian and Northern European Renaissance was the marking point for leaving behind the old ways and moving into the more classicalRead MoreThe Act of Sodomy in Florence during the Italian Renaissance1839 Words   |  7 PagesThe Act of Sodomy in Florence During the Italian Renaissance During the Italian Renaissance, the sexual environment of fifteenth-century Florentine society is described as Florentine men partaking in some kind of same-sex experience. These same-sex acts were not just wrong doings, but a fundamental part of Florentine masculine identity. More specifically I will focus on sodomy, the act of anal or oral sex, which can be heterosexual or homosexual. What I will be analyzing in this paper is the termRead MoreIndependent Women Courtesans in the Italian Renaissance Essay2465 Words   |  10 PagesIndependent Women Courtesans in the Italian Renaissance Prostitution is normally thought of as anyone who sells his or her body for money. In this century, no distinction is put on the class level of the prostitute or on how much or how little he or she earns, they are still considered just a common prostitute. This was not true of 16th century Italy, though. In this age, prostitution was a legal business and class lines were of great importance. At the top of this list were the honestRead MoreThe Annunciation Explored through the Era of Italian Renaissance2314 Words   |  10 PagesChristian iconography. This essay will explore the depiction of the Annunciation and symbolism in the period of the Italian Renaissance and pay particular attention towards the development of the focus on spiritualism towards naturalism through the refined language of expression and gesture from the 14th century to the late 15th century. As a student of Duccio di Buoninsegna who was an Italian artist and actively worked in the city of Siena, Tuscany, Simone Martinis most famous painting The Annunciation

Education and Print Vol. Sample Essay Example For Students

Education and Print Vol. Sample Essay The essay is an effort to analyse. evaluate and knock issues impacting the educational system through the old ages with the terminal position of urging possible betterments. The metabolism of Filipino instruction through the old ages was a gradual procedure brought approximately by coevalss of colonialism and imperialism. From the Spaniards to the Americans. to the Nipponese even during the Liberation period up to the EDSA revolution. alterations in instruction did non fit the high hopes of the Filipino people. Soon. the Philippine educational system needs to turn to issues non merely of handiness and quality in supplying instruction for all. Other issues demands to addressed involved the function of instruction in the national development. the unresponsive course of study. improper monitoring of plans implemented. globalisation of instruction and even political relations in instruction. For the Filipino instruction to win its ailments and jobs must be addressed. There is a demand for values reorientation of the Filipinos as a key to national development. Teachers’ transmutation. in footings of their values orientation is necessary. Part of the teachers’ transmutation must include their upgrading or updating for professional and personal development. Hence. authorities support and intercession. along this line is really much needed. As these really same ailments and jobs have been hunting the state for the last several decennaries. failure to make so will merely intensify these jobs in the coming old ages. Keywords: colonialism. imperialism. educational system. globalisation INTRODUCTION Philippine Education is a merchandise of long history of battle. Its metabolism was a gradual procedure which was a merchandise of coevalss of colonialism and imperialism. The Spaniards were for sometimes. successful in doing the indigens illiterate and uneducated. From the coming of Legazpi in 1570 to 1762. the indigens were contented to be lieges of Spain. The Spaniards triumphed in utilizing faith to do the people submissive and unquestioning. The people blindly obeyed their foreign Masterss with the hope of redemption in the hereafter. The Spanish policy focused on handling the indigens as a ward ; hence. there is no demand for them to be educated. This policy offered no chance for the Indios ( as what the Spaniards name the Filipinos during that clip ) to better their batch in the colonial society. However. the 2nd stage of Spanish colonisation. from 1762 – 1896 was a period of rousing. It marked the start of the realisation. the morning of critical questions and. finally. of revolution. The planetary alterations during that clip. like the gap of Suez Canal. the Gallic Revolution. the gap of the Philippines to universe trade and commercialism. among others. provided chance for the illustrados ( the educated category during the Spanish period ) to direct their kids to school. even in Europe. History tells us that instruction during the Spanish colonisation was selective. It was more of a privilege than a right. Educational chances were so limited that larning became the ownership of a chosen few. Merely the illustrados. the likes of Jose Rizal. the Luna brothers. the Pardo de Taveras and others. availed of it. even with rough intervention and favoritism from their Spanish coevalss. Learning. hence. became a badge of privilege. There was a broad spread between the illustra dos and the multitudes. Even if the propaganda motion was spearheaded by them. it was apparent that they favored the assimilation of the Philippines with Spain. This was a clear indicant that. educated they possibly. they were still prisoners of Spain. The great multitudes. the bulk of the uneducated. were those who favored the separation of the Philippines from Spain. Aware of their educational disability. their desire for freedom was. for a piece. suppressed. giving the educated illustrados the privilege of leading. However. when all else failed. the uneducated multitudes had no pick but to contend for their freedom. The Spain’s policy neglected the instruction of the indigens. more so the tolerance and growing of native leading. In fact. it was hostile to every influence coming from the outside universe. Although. Spain initiated educational reforms by go throughing Torahs on instruction. these did non pacify the ungratified heads and the combustion Black Marias of the indigens. The Filipino revolution against Spain which was sparked by the find of the Katipunan in 1896. resulted in the resignation of the last Spanish governor- gen eral Diego de los Rios to the Ilonggo revolutionarios headed by General Martin Delgado on December 25. 1898 in Plaza Alfonso XII. ( now Plaza Libertad ) in Iloilo City. This event heralded the terminal of Spanish regulation in the Philippines. However. subsequently did the indigens realized. that with the Spaniards go forthing the Philippines. another maestro knocked at the door. the Americans. Education was used by the Americans as one of the most effectual agencies of lenifying the restless indigens. Schools were established all over the archipelago. The indigens were taught how to read and compose by their American instructors. They learned American geographics. American history. lives of American heroes. sang the Star Spangled Banner and learned the English linguistic communication. The Americans was successful in doing the indigens their â€Å"little brown brothers. † The Filipinos regarded instruction as the most effectual vehicle for societal mobility. The Americans made instruction accessible to all. regardless of position in life. This made the Filipinos appreciate the Americans more. Even if literacy rate continued to increase in the first two decennaries of American business. it undeniably favored the elite in society who can afford to finance the university instruction of their kids. Although. the Americans claimed that instruction has succeeded in the Philippines because it had somehow transformed. the one time nescient people. into a literate population. imbued in them the values of civic consciousness. had lessened disease and epidemic. it failed to develop the moral and political leading. the state so urgently needs. Education during the American period brought with it advancement. together with its ailments and defects. On the one manus. it is undeniable that the constitution of the public school system was good to the Filipinos and to the Philippines. Even if its impact can non be quantified. it was assumed that higher literacy rate among the people contributed to the betterment of their criterion of life. betterment in public wellness and employment chances that hasten economic growing. It had besides awakened in them their political engagement. Education was seen as a vehicle for societal mobility and attainment of democratic ideals. The success of public instruction during the American period was an accomplishment cited by Filipino leaders as cogent evidence of their capacity for selfgovernment. On the other manus. American instruction was the H2O that bit by bit diminished the flicker of firing Filipino patriotism. The educational system established by the Americans was non entirely for giving the Filipinos the gift of literacy. but more so for their economic and political intents. This was clearly seen in the Benevolent Assimilation edict of President William McKinley which states. among others â€Å"†¦ . . to supply the Filipinos the gift of civilisation either by assimilation or conquering. † Hence. in malice of the proclamation of the Americans that they were in the Philippines because the Filipinos needed them as their usher and defender. the fact remained that the Filipinos were still a conquered state a nd that they had to weave their life harmonizing to the form of American laterality. American instruction was a successful instrument of colonisation. It bit by bit disoriented the Filipinos sense of national individuality because it introduced them into an wholly new universe. strange. yet disputing. The usage of English as medium of direction widens the divide between the elite and the Filipino multitudes. The Filipinos started to larn non merely a new linguistic communication but an wholly new manner of life. They learned everything American. which they believed is the beginning of their instruction. On 2nd idea. since it was the start of their disaffection from their roots. the development of their colonial outlook. it was in world the start of their miseducation. The Filipinos educated during the American period imbibed a different cultural orientation. They were a people possessing no patriotism in their Black Marias which will spur them to give for the public assistance of the state. It is hapless to state that this was the consequence of the failure of Philippine instruction. During the Nipponese invasion and debut of their civilization and extremist patriotism in Asia. the Filipinos fought side by side with the Americans. This was a clear indicant that American instruction succeeded in modeling the heads and character of the Filipinos to appreciate and refund this gift from their â€Å"big white brother. † The Nipponese business destroyed the public school system by pull stringsing it for their advantage. School edifices. books and other educational stuffs were destroyed. There was a dislocation of the societal values of the Filipinos. Yet. there was a desire for some to gain instruction offered by the Nipponese established schools. The period after the war marked a passage of the Philippines. non merely in footings of political leading but besides in footings of instruction. There was monolithic rebuilding non merely of substructures. but more so of the values of the Filipinos that was wrecked during the war. This was facilitated by the Americans. There was monolithic rehabilitation of school edifices and the Restoration through the school system. of the values that were practiced during the pre-war society. However. the political instability of the freshly independent nation-state affected the schools in seting this aim to world. The period after the release was marked by rapid economic growing which was matched with the rapid addition in population. urbanisation and demand for societal services. This scenario triggered the Joint Committee of Congress on Educational reform to describe in 1951. that the public school system was in crisis. and the Filipinos must happen solutions to this. Further. the commission recommended the full twenty-four hours session and the offering of Grade seven for the primary degree. but this were non implemented nor acted into jurisprudence. It is to be noted that the failure of the authorities to turn to this crisis became one of the root causes of the perennial instruction crises of the wining decennaries. However. the period from the mid 50’s was characterized by rapid economic growing. doing instruction an built-in constituent for this economic development. Paradoxically. one may inquire how the educational system that is in crisis can lend to economic growing. True. the re was growing in the economic system but jobs encountered that were rooted in societal conditions. were frequently blamed on the insufficiencies of the educational system. Anne Frank Remembered EssayThis is in response to the alliance of the basic instruction course of study to international criterions. The present system of 6 – 4 – 4. harmonizing to the instruction experts lacks the needed figure of old ages that our pupils have to pass in school. from the simple. secondary up to the third degree. Hence. there is a demand to add two more old ages to our basic instruction so that the pupils will hold more old ages in developing the necessary employability accomplishments they must hold after they graduate from secondary school. But is this truly the reply to the present disability of our educational system? Will adding two old ages bring more benefits? Or will it merely ensue to more fiscal deductions. non merely to the parents but besides to the authorities? This is a concern that has to be addressed before it becomes excessively late for us to recognize the impact it will make in the succeeding old ages. The educational system does no n have much budget from the authorities. This resulted to hapless installations. Schools in the rural countries do non have much support from the authorities. School supplies such as books are received by them about at the terminal of the twelvemonth. What usage will it give the students and pupils? To add more abuse. text editions contain a batch of mistakes in spelling and facts presented. This is a clear indicant of a government’s failure to supply the basic services needed by its people. The same job is besides experienced by State Universities and College when the authorities decided to cut down their budget allotment. News studies of pupils from the University of the Philippines and other State Universities picketing before Congress demanding for the addition of their budget is non a rare scenario. Students took it upon themselves to air out school budget concerns for these can redound to increase in their matriculation fees. non- upgrading or updating of school and library installations. and non hiring of extra module members. among others. State tally establishments are empowered to bring forth their income in order that they can pull off their fundss and non depend so much from authorities subsidies. It is in this context that school decision makers do their best to win favours from politicians. whom they believe can back up their school plans and undertakings. This consequences to another concern of excessively much political relations in instruction. Politicss in instruction is an issue that soon pervades educational system in the state. The authorities. specifically the legislators. is awkward in explicating Torahs that can turn to the crisis in the educational system. A sad world that is go oning right now is the preparation of policies with the chief intent of doing our educational system at par with those in other states. but there are no concrete guidelines as to how these are to be implemented. Most educational experts are technocrats with no experience in the field. Yes. their plans are good. to state the lea st. but because of their deficiency of experience in existent schoolroom learning. they fail to analyze the application of these plans. One specific illustration is the Bridge Program that was implemented a few old ages ago. This plan assessed the competence of Grade Six pupils to be promoted to High School. There were grade six students who scored below the passing grade that were made to reiterate grade six to bridge their admittance to high school. Therefore. this added another twelvemonth of simple schooling. However. after a twelvemonth of its execution. the plan was stopped. Worst. instructors in the schoolrooms were non punctually informed of the grounds for its noncontinuance. This is merely one of the many educational plans implemented in the Philippine educational system that were non decently monitored and evaluated. This brings to a decision that Filipinos are merely good contrivers but non good implementers and judges. Undeniably. decision makers of province tally establishments solicit fiscal support from politicians who can prolong their school undertakings. There is nil incorrect with this. However. if the support given by politician must be equated by some favours from school functionaries. this becomes a major concern by everybody. There are instances where principals. supervisors and even overseer of schools and divisions are appointed because they are recommended by good known senators. congresswomans. governors and even city managers. This pattern extends even up to the l owest degree. Politicians recommend their relations to be hired as instructors and other school staff. And if the principal has some debt of gratitude to the politician because of the support he is giving to the school. his recommendation can non be refused. This pattern defeats the intent of testing appliers for learning places because even if you are first in the ranking. but you do non hold a political dorsum up. you will be the least precedence in engaging. Although we can non wholly separate political relations in instruction. it is of great import that objectiveness. equity and justness must be observed. It is really dry that schemes like these go on in an establishment that is expected to learn and instill good moral values and virtuousnesss among the immature people of Philippine society. As pedagogues. what so can we make to transform the image that the educational system had propagated through the old ages? As an pedagogue. I believe that entire transmutation must be implemented in the instruction sector of the state. When I say transmutation of the instruction sector I refer to the entire re orientation of the system which would get down from policy transmutation. Education policies and plans. including the course of study must be carefully evaluated and studied whether they are attuned to the demands of the people and the state. Review of the commissariats must be done in all degrees and engagement of the stakeholders must be solicited. Experts must be realistic in coming up with more come-at-able policies. that will turn to non merely the educational jobs but more so contribute to economic growing and development of the state. I besides believe in the values reorientation of the Filipinos as a key to national development. The integrating of values instruction in the course of study. I believe is still non plenty to turn to this demand. Valuess become more lasting in the heads and Black Marias of the students and pupils when they are caught. modeled by their wise mans. instead than being discussed as abstract constructs in the schoolrooms. Therefore. there is an pressing call for teacher transmutation. in footings of their values orientation. I believe that instructors can non go effectual theoretical accounts of good moral values unless they undergo some procedure of values transmutation. It is ever wise to state â€Å"follow what I say and do. † instead than â€Å"follow what I say. do non follow what I do. † It is merely when students and pupils concretely observe their instructors systematically pattern these good values that they will be able to retroflex these in themselves. These. I believe is easier said than done. But unless we start making it. we can non claim tested. Last. I believe that teachers’ transmutation must include their upgrading or updating for professional and personal dev elopment. Even if the wage of the ordinary public school instructor had been standardized to be competitory. with the increasing economic crisis. it will still be non plenty to afford them attendance to seminars. preparations and registration in alumnus instruction. Hence. authorities support and intercession. along this line is really much needed. Our instructors are professionals. and I believe their pre-service preparation had equipped them with the necessary accomplishments to learn. Yet. with the promotion in scientific discipline and engineering. there is a great demand for them to get competency in the usage of these province of the art equipments to heighten their instruction accomplishments. The authorities must put on our instructors because it is through them that we train and develop the heads of our hereafter leaders. As they say. demo me your schools and I will state you what society you will hold. Mentions Apilado. Digna ( 2008 ) . A History of Paradox: Some Notes on Philippine Public Education in the twentieth Century. Barrows. David ( 1910 ) . What May Be Expected from Philippine Education? . The Journal of Race Development. Vol 1. No. 2. pp. 156 – 168. Bautista. M. C. . Bernanrdo. A. and Ocampo. D ( 2008 ) . When reforms Don’t Transform: Contemplations on Institutional reforms in the Department of Education. Human Development Network Discussion Paper. Constantino. Renato ( 1959 ) . The Miseducation of the Filipino. Weekly Graphics. Doronila. Ma. Luisa ( 1999 ) . The Transformation of Filipino instruction: An Analysis and Critique of Some Current and Emerging Policy Reforms. Funtecha. H. A ; Padilla. M. ( 2004 ) . Study Guide in Philippine History for Teachers and Students. Iloilo City: Mindset Publishing. Guillermo. Ramon ( 1997 ) . Apologizing Failures: The Filipino Government in the Education Sector. Manalang. Priscilla ( 1977 ) . Issues in Philippine Education. Phi lippine Sociological Review. Vol 25. pp. 63 – 68 Pertierra. Raul ( 1995 ) . The Mythology and Politics of Philippine Education. Kasarinlan. Vol. 10. No. 3. pp. 110 – 120. Trewby. James ( 2007 ) . The Philippines: Development Issues and Education. World Wide Web. ajssh. leena-luna. co. jp