Issues in Public Health Funding

Issues in semipublic health FundingPUBLIC HEALTH FUNDING SHIFTING THE PARADIGMSubmitted by Betsy CookAisha Essuman-MensahWilliam FlatteryLacresha GetterEdna KavumaJoe Mosnier leaveDespite comparatively high levels of outlay on health mission, the health of the U.S. population continues to lag that of its counterparts (Alper, 2014). In this paper, we evaluate the current landscape of livelihood for man health initiatives, the miss of uniformity of monetary accounting standards for public health spending, and our proposal to address the existing funding structures of the public health system. Our multi-faceted approach includes national, state and local anesthetic government funding through a tax on medical services, with an emphasis on developing predictable funding based on funding cost-effective, evidence-based interventions.Investment by the healthcare industry through accelerated payment cleanse that incentivizes initiatives in population health management.Increased co ntributions to NGOs working in the public health arena through provision of expanded tax credits for individual and corporate donations to these organizations.ASSESSMENT The U.S. faces an urgent need for fundamental structural reform of its public health funding. Current public health funding streams are highly erratic and generally inadequate, in part due to a altering upon clinical spending (Teutsch et al., 2012). Therefore, while per capita spending on healthcare in the U.S. exceeds that of other wealthy countries, the U.S. continues to experience comparatively poor health outcomes (Teutsch, 2012).LITERATURE round offChallenges in Current Funding MethodsThe federal official government provides a significant portion of both state and local health public health spending. federal agencies subsequently influence provision of public health services at the state and local levels (Ogden, 2012). In essence, by being a primary funder and form _or_ system of government driver, the fede ral government a good deal substantially influences the priorities and policies used to implement health services at all levels (Ogden, 2012). Consequently, state and local health agencies are oftentimes confined to the directives set forth by the federal government, which can result in discordant distortions in expenditure and service provision. One example is the federal governments sudden shift of attention and funding allocation at moments of acute concern regarding infectious disease crises, such as with severe acute respiratory syndrome and the more recent Ebola outbreaks (Weintraub, 2014).Aside from federal influence, in that location is considerable variation in sources and the amount of public health spending at the state and local level (Ogden, Sellars, et al., 2012). Additionally, a reliance on inconsistent formula-based funding allocations often results in ineffective and inequitable public health spending. Funding formulas are often hampered by low-quality data, inc onsistent calculation methods, and the complex political realities that ultimately shape allocations decisions (Honore, 2007).Challenges in Current Accounting MethodsIn a recent IOM Roundtable, David Kindig notes the need for a reallocation of spending away from ineffective interventions, and the parallel need for new strategic alignment of the interests of multiple sectors to find what he informally calls the sweet imperfection (Alper, 2014). Kindig notes that one of the main challenges is deciding how to spend the money (Alper, 2014).A significant barrier to deciding where to spend public health funding has been the historical lack of standardized financial accounting methods utilized in the public health sector. Honore et al. point out the relatively lack of financial transparency in public health and call for reforms including a uniform chart of accounts, uniform classification of expenses and tax incomes, creation of a professional public health financial managers associatio n, and standardized electronic data reporting (Honore et al., 2007). Any funding organization making an investment in public health will increasingly shoot this greater transparency (Honore et al., 2007). Ogden et al. also calls for development of standardized accounting methods to facilitate comparisons across organizations (Ogden, Sellars, et al, 2012).Additionally, evidenced-based public health (EBPH), a practice currently encouraged of public health organizations, insists on cost-effective interventions (Brownson, 2009). One component of EBPH is scotch evaluation. Until we have robust and uniform financial accounting standards, it will be difficult to evaluate the success of various healthcare initiatives. Even in the arena of government funding, there is an increasing demand for close financial accounting of funds allocated to public health departments (Levi, 2007). such demands include a demonstration of how monies are being spent to support the meat functions of public h ealth, these being assessment, policy development, and assurance (Turnock, 2012).RECOMMENDATIONSTo overcome the current problems with separate and declining revenue streams for public health, we propose an alternative approach specifically intended as a sustainable funding model sufficient to support core public health functions at appropriate levels.1. Sustained and arranged government funding.As noted above, current government funding is highly fragmented and aquiline on a mix of local resources combined with federal funds that are often restricted to specific programming (Ogden, 2012). Like Kindig, we call for a move from grants and short term appropriations to a more coordinated effort across government departments based on a panoptic, long range concentrate public health effort (Alper 2014). Diminishing government revenue can be addressed through a small tax on clinical healthcare services (IOM, 2012). If a sustained, dedicated revenue stream in the form of a clinical medi cal services tax can be achieved, we believe that the nations overall public health infrastructure can substantially improve population-based outcomes across the U.S.2. Increased population health spending by the healthcare industry.Private, for-profit healthcare providers can play a major role in transforming their communities through a combination of health interventions (Alper, 2014). Gunderson notes it will require a shift from reactive spending to proactive spending (Alper, 2014). The current shift in basis for payment for medical care from episodic care to population pay for performance mechanisms has the potential to create the environment where healthcare systems see such community-based investments as financially attractive, perhaps even obligatory for their financial survival. However, the transition to pay for performance mechanisms presents several challenges. Slow pace of change, lack of experience by healthcare organizations in public health management, and threats to vital revenue for critical access organizations in resource poor communities all pose significant hurdles (Alper, 2014). A shift from medicalized spending to public health investment is critical, and progressive healthcare organizations can play a vital role in creating this awareness and facilitating and modeling transition steps.3. Enhanced spending by NGOs in the public health arena.The IOM roundtable notes the success of community development strategies in improving health (Alper, 2014). Many of these efforts can be best carried out by NGOs or other organizations that already maintain high levels of financial transparency. NGOs also offer a nimbleness that is often lacking in the government bureaucratism due to their governance structures and financial transparency. Additionally, as James Hester has noted, such organizations can play the role of integrator (Alper, 2014). As such, these organizations can help to manage and coordinate revenue streams, capital requirements, communi ty resources, and local health needs. However, in order to have adequate funding, specifically for those non-profit entities that depend largely on private donations, NGOs mustiness have a reliable donor pool. In order to encourage donations to NGOs, we recommend passage of legislation authorizing enhanced tax credits for individuals and entities contributing to these entities. through such a mechanism, NGOs will have the resources to take a leadership role alongside public health departments in developing, managing, and evaluating community-based public health interventions. stopping pointDespite rising levels of healthcare spending, the U.S. continues to fall behind in most measures of health (Teustsch, 2012). The U.S. risks falling further behind in health status unless there is a shift in focus from spending on medical interventions to spending on the well-documented determinants of health, including community, social, economic, and built environments (Teustsch, 2012). Such in vestments will ensure the continued economic growth and competitiveness of the US in the global economy (Teustsch, 2012). The historically fragmented and financially opaque public health system requires immediate and comprehensive reform. Effective reform will propel a shift from reactive illness-based spending to proactive community-based public health preventative investment. As discussions focused on this critical problem continue, we recommend implementation of the specific measures set out above.Works CitedAlper, J, Baciu, A., IOM Roundtable on Population Health Improvement. Financing Population Health Improvement Workshop Summary. (2014). IOM.Brownson, R. C., Fielding, J. E., Maylahn, C. M. (2009). Evidence-based public health a fundamental concept for public health practice. Annu Rev Public Health, 30, 175-201.Honore, P., Clarke, R., Mead, D., Menditto, S. (2007). Creating Financial Transparency in Public Health Examining Best Practices of System Partners.Journal of Public Health Management and Practice,13(2), 121-129.IOM. Committee on Public health Strategies to Improve Health, Board on Population health and Public Health Practice. For the Publics Health Investing in a Healthier Future. (2012). Washington, D.C. The National Academies Press.Levi, J., Juliano, C., Richardson, M. (2007). Financing Public Health Diminished Funding for Core involve and State-by-State Variation in Support.Journal of Public Health Management and Practice,13(2), 97-102.Ogden, L. (2012). How Federalism Shapes Public health Financing, Policy, and Program Options.Journal of Public Health Management and Practice,18(4), 317-322.Ogden, L., Sellers, K., Sammartino, C., Buehler, J., Bernet, P. (2012). Funding Formulas for Public Health Allocations Federal and State Strategies.Journal of Public Health Management and Practice,18(4), 309-316.Teutsch, S., Baciu, A., Mays, G., Getzen, T., Hansen, M., Geller, A. (2012). Wiser Investment for a Healthier Future.Journal of Public Health Management and Practice,18(4), 295-298.Turnock, B. J. 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