The Degree of the Presidents Power Essay - 1080 Words

The President was elected to run the country and therefore, has the most power of any individual. However, he cannot make a majority of the decisions alone and must make sure he keeps the approval of others in order to keep his job. The Constitution struck a fairly proper balance between empowering and limiting power of the President of the United States, but limited the power more so than empowering. Although the Constitution claimed the President as the leader of the Unites States, he is not able to single-handedly make decisions that affect our country. He is a large influence in a majority of the decisions in the government of the United States. However, he does not have complete authority over others and many of the decisions are†¦show more content†¦The sole opinion of the president is rarely used in making decisions that can affect the entire country. Additionally, the president does not even have the power to elect members of the upper houses. â€Å"Our Presid ent not only cannot make members of the upper house, but their creation, like his own, is by the people through their representatives.† (Coxe) Senators of the representatives from the house of the representatives are elected by the people of the state being represented. The members of the Congress are the ones voting on the bills and assisting the president in many of his actions and policies, yet he does not even have the power to appoint these members. Another reason that suggests the favor toward limiting the president’s power is that his actions can reflect on how long he stays in office for. The President does not have any power among any other citizens of the United States to commit any illegal offenses and not be punished. â€Å"The President of the United States would be liable to be impeached, tried, and, upon conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes or misdemeanors, removed from office; and would afterwards be liable toShow MoreRelatedConstitut ionality Of The War Powers Act946 Words   |  4 Pagesthe War Powers Act and the claim of executive privilege? Congress passed the War Powers Act that acknowledges the presidential right to take limited military action before receiving congressional approval, but requires him to file a formal report with Congress within forty-eight hours of initiating hostilities. The use of military action is limited to sixty days without congressional approval. An additional thirty days can be granted if it is necessary to withdraw the troops. The War Powers Act isRead MoreDemocracy And Its Underlying Aspect1509 Words   |  7 Pages76). The system of governance implies the existence of predictable and routinized pattern of institutions. That is why there is a need for the constitution – the document that outlines the division and distribution of power and constitutes a legitimate and illegitimate exercise of power in the state. All regimes have the rulers and the ruled. However, only democratic society has citizens who are not just passive dependant subjects but the most important active element of the democracy. In democraticRead MoreAmerican President Is First Citizen852 Words   |  4 Pagescan assume such roles. Since the military is headed by civilian control, the Presidents status as Commander-in-Chief declares him as one of and head of the civilian population. The American President is the leader of his political party as chief of party, the ceremonial head of the American Government as chief of state, a nd a representation of the American People as the Chief Citizen. But since the Presidents power is granted to serve his people, his status is also that which is in a way equalRead MoreThe Executive Branch Of The United States Constitution1493 Words   |  6 Pagessuch as the procedures, requirements, powers and limitation of the president. The president is given some powers in Article II Section 2 of the Constitution such as making treaties, vetoing laws, and being Chief Executive of the Executive branch. The president is also the Commander in Chief of the United States Army and Navy. Despite the powers granted for Congress and the president in the Constitution, we don’t know to what extent the president has the power to send troops and declare war withoutRead More American President is first citizen Essay825 Words   |  4 PagesPresidency can assume such roles. Since the military is headed by civilian control, the President’s status as Commander-in-Chief declares him as one of and head of the civilian population. The American President is the leader of his political party as chief of party, the ceremonial head of the American Government as chief of state, and a representation of the American People as the Chief Citizen. But since the President’s power is granted to serve his people, his status is also that which is in a way equalRead Moreâ€Å"Enlightened Statesmen Will Not Always Be At The Helm.†1463 Words   |  6 Pagespolitical climate, these words seem more pertinent than ever. There is no question that the powers of the presidency have increased since the founding of the United States, but what are the implications of this for American democracy? Increased presidential powers are taking power away from Congress, undermining the system of checks and balances, and ultimately hurting American democracy. Concentration of power in the executive branch circumvents democratic deliberation and limits the people s abilityRead Mo rePresidential Power And Presidential Authority1487 Words   |  6 Pagesauthority and power. However the authority and power that come from this are two vastly different things. Presidential power is as Neustadt defines the power to persuade with the effect of creating legislation, where as presidential authority is the formal and figurative duties granted in the constitution. Presidential power is akin to what specific action is chosen, and presidential authority are the perceivable routes of action. Presidential authority acts as the base for presidential power. AuthorityRead MorePower of the American President Essay596 Words   |  3 PagesPower of the American President The Founding fathers of America believed in a separation of powers, a system of checks and balances and a federal system of government. That way power would be diffused and decentralised and tyranny would be avoided. Implicit in the constitution is the principle of checks and balances. This refers to the belief that the founding fathers had that no one branch of the constitutional and government system would dominate the rest. Thus PresidentRead MoreDr. Sweet Was An African American Doctor That Bought A House Essay1248 Words   |  5 Pagesinside, and as a result someone inside the house shot and killed a member of the crowd while also injuring another. The police immediately rushed inside the house and arrested all occupants. After their arrest, the police wanted to charge them with 1st degree murder, but before the trial, the NAACP heard of the case and wanted to provide legal assistance to protect their rights, out of fear that lynching might spread to the northern part of the U.S. During the first trial the temper of the crowd that hadRead MoreMilitary Campaign Planning For An Inclusive Iraqi Government1243 Words   |  5 Pagesincluding an unwise objective and wrong center of gravity (COG) and strengths, including direct approach and arranging operations, 4) examine the reframing of the operational approach over time to facilitate strategic objectives and 5) evaluate the degree to which current APEX and JP 5-0 incorporates lessons learned from OIF. The essay will conclude with a thesis summary and major takeaways. Poorly designed with an inadequate application of operational art and design, initial OIF plans failed to bridge

The Italian Renaissance Essay - 772 Words

The Italian Renaissance Throughout history many art movements have emerged that artists and styles are classified under. One large contributing movement over the time period from about 1450 to about 1600 was known as the Italian Renaissance. However, what a large portion of people do not realize is that the Italian Renaissance was actually two main movements during that period of time. Each movement had key artists and a variation in style from the other movements. These two movements in the Italian Renaissance have been named the Early and High Renaissance. The Early Renaissance which took place from c.1450 to c.1495. During this period three key artist emerged from the group these being Sandro Botticelli and Donatello.†¦show more content†¦The next stage if the Italian Renaissance came to be known as the High Renaissance. During this period three artists came to the forefront. Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael each of these artists had there own style however each where conside red now to be some of the best artists ever known to man. Leonardo da Vinci a man that rings a bell in almost any persons head when said is best known for the Mona Lisa. The version that we know however is one that Leonardo changed from a portrait from an icon of status to the known representation of a person fully engaged with the viewer. Leonardo uses a sfumato style, which blends both light and dark to create a uniform distribution. Leonardo is also known for his interpretation of The Last Supper. He takes the approach of choosing the moment after Christ announces that one of his disciples has betrayed him. Leonardo put in his painting how he feels the disciples will react. Leonardo took a new approach to almost everything he did and that is why he was one of the three for runners of the High Renaissance period. Michelangelo was a man with great talent that did not stick to a given genre. Michelangelo did painting, architecture and sculpture. The painting, which he is best known for, is Last Judgement; created displeasure because it wasShow MoreRelatedThe Italian Renaissance And The Renaissance1424 Words   |  6 PagesThe Italian Renaissance was an explosion of art, writing, and thought, that roughly lasted between 1300 to 1600. In this time each citizen, countrymen, or villager had and performed different jobs and careers. Humanism the study of Greek and Roman writings, art, and architecture, initially jump started the Renaissance, and the need for art. Artists now were inspired to use life like art and linear perspective, so art seemed and was more realistic. The start of the Italian Renaissance was theRead MoreThe Italian Renaissance And The Renaissance1158 Words   |  5 PagesThe Renaissance period is known for the revival of the classical art and intellect born in ancient Greece and Rome. The Renaissance is also a time that is marked by growth, exploration, and rebirth. The Italian Renaissance started in Florence and progressively ma de its way into Venice and then into the great city of Rome. During the Renaissance, Rome was home to some of the renowned works of art and the finest architectural masterpieces in the world - too many that still holds true today. Along withRead MoreImpact Of The Italian Renaissance1387 Words   |  6 Pagesdisappearance of the Roman Empire, the Italian Renaissance was introduced to the European culture. The Italian Renaissance was the revival of the Greek and Roman cultures in forms of art, education, and literature. The Renaissance originally began in Florence, Italy during the time of 14 A.D and eventually began to expand throughout western and northern Europe in 15 A.D. The rebirthing of these ancient cultures brought much awareness and knowledge to the Italian society and resulted in change in theirRead MoreCharacteristics Of The Italian Renaissance1299 Words   |  6 Pagesof the Italian Renaissance Renaissance means rebirth in the French language, the renaissance happened between the fifteenth century and sixteenth century. Beginning in Italy, the Renaissance was an era that rediscovered the culture of ancient Greece and Rome in the fourteenth century and witnessed a continuation of the economic, political, and social trends. Jacob Burck-hardt, a swiss historian and art critic, created the Renaissance in his celebrated book The Civilization of the Renaissance in ItalyRead More the arts in Italian Renaissance Essay1647 Words   |  7 Pages The Italian Renaissance was a very difficult time period in European history. The arts were flourishing, while the city-states in Italy fought bloody battles with each other and within themselves. Bribery and murder were not uncommon tools for men to use when they wanted power. Meanwhile those same rulers patronized the arts a great deal and they would commission the best artistic minds of the time to build, design and paint their palaces and churches and later on their own portraits andRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Northern and Italian Renaissance807 Words   |  4 PagesItalian High Renaissance artists achieved ideal of harmony and balance comparable with the works of ancient Greece or Rome. Renaissance Classicism was a form of art that removed the extraneous detail and showed the world as it was. Forms, colors and proportions, light and shade effects, spatial harmony, composition, perspective, anatomy - all are handled with total control and a level of accomplishment for which there are no real precedents. Leonardo da Vinci was a Florentine artist, one of theRead MoreEssay about Italian and Northern European Renaissance758 Words   |  4 PagesItalian and Northern European Renaissance The Italian and Northern Europe Renaissances were both an important mark in history by changing the ideals of life, thought, culture, and art of the people’s of this time. In this paper I will explain the motive for change in these cultures, including the similarities and differences of the two cultures. The Italian and Northern European Renaissance was the marking point for leaving behind the old ways and moving into the more classicalRead MoreThe Act of Sodomy in Florence during the Italian Renaissance1839 Words   |  7 PagesThe Act of Sodomy in Florence During the Italian Renaissance During the Italian Renaissance, the sexual environment of fifteenth-century Florentine society is described as Florentine men partaking in some kind of same-sex experience. These same-sex acts were not just wrong doings, but a fundamental part of Florentine masculine identity. More specifically I will focus on sodomy, the act of anal or oral sex, which can be heterosexual or homosexual. What I will be analyzing in this paper is the termRead MoreIndependent Women Courtesans in the Italian Renaissance Essay2465 Words   |  10 PagesIndependent Women Courtesans in the Italian Renaissance Prostitution is normally thought of as anyone who sells his or her body for money. In this century, no distinction is put on the class level of the prostitute or on how much or how little he or she earns, they are still considered just a common prostitute. This was not true of 16th century Italy, though. In this age, prostitution was a legal business and class lines were of great importance. At the top of this list were the honestRead MoreThe Annunciation Explored through the Era of Italian Renaissance2314 Words   |  10 PagesChristian iconography. This essay will explore the depiction of the Annunciation and symbolism in the period of the Italian Renaissance and pay particular attention towards the development of the focus on spiritualism towards naturalism through the refined language of expression and gesture from the 14th century to the late 15th century. As a student of Duccio di Buoninsegna who was an Italian artist and actively worked in the city of Siena, Tuscany, Simone Martinis most famous painting The Annunciation

Education and Print Vol. Sample Essay Example For Students

Education and Print Vol. Sample Essay The essay is an effort to analyse. evaluate and knock issues impacting the educational system through the old ages with the terminal position of urging possible betterments. The metabolism of Filipino instruction through the old ages was a gradual procedure brought approximately by coevalss of colonialism and imperialism. From the Spaniards to the Americans. to the Nipponese even during the Liberation period up to the EDSA revolution. alterations in instruction did non fit the high hopes of the Filipino people. Soon. the Philippine educational system needs to turn to issues non merely of handiness and quality in supplying instruction for all. Other issues demands to addressed involved the function of instruction in the national development. the unresponsive course of study. improper monitoring of plans implemented. globalisation of instruction and even political relations in instruction. For the Filipino instruction to win its ailments and jobs must be addressed. There is a demand for values reorientation of the Filipinos as a key to national development. Teachers’ transmutation. in footings of their values orientation is necessary. Part of the teachers’ transmutation must include their upgrading or updating for professional and personal development. Hence. authorities support and intercession. along this line is really much needed. As these really same ailments and jobs have been hunting the state for the last several decennaries. failure to make so will merely intensify these jobs in the coming old ages. Keywords: colonialism. imperialism. educational system. globalisation INTRODUCTION Philippine Education is a merchandise of long history of battle. Its metabolism was a gradual procedure which was a merchandise of coevalss of colonialism and imperialism. The Spaniards were for sometimes. successful in doing the indigens illiterate and uneducated. From the coming of Legazpi in 1570 to 1762. the indigens were contented to be lieges of Spain. The Spaniards triumphed in utilizing faith to do the people submissive and unquestioning. The people blindly obeyed their foreign Masterss with the hope of redemption in the hereafter. The Spanish policy focused on handling the indigens as a ward ; hence. there is no demand for them to be educated. This policy offered no chance for the Indios ( as what the Spaniards name the Filipinos during that clip ) to better their batch in the colonial society. However. the 2nd stage of Spanish colonisation. from 1762 – 1896 was a period of rousing. It marked the start of the realisation. the morning of critical questions and. finally. of revolution. The planetary alterations during that clip. like the gap of Suez Canal. the Gallic Revolution. the gap of the Philippines to universe trade and commercialism. among others. provided chance for the illustrados ( the educated category during the Spanish period ) to direct their kids to school. even in Europe. History tells us that instruction during the Spanish colonisation was selective. It was more of a privilege than a right. Educational chances were so limited that larning became the ownership of a chosen few. Merely the illustrados. the likes of Jose Rizal. the Luna brothers. the Pardo de Taveras and others. availed of it. even with rough intervention and favoritism from their Spanish coevalss. Learning. hence. became a badge of privilege. There was a broad spread between the illustra dos and the multitudes. Even if the propaganda motion was spearheaded by them. it was apparent that they favored the assimilation of the Philippines with Spain. This was a clear indicant that. educated they possibly. they were still prisoners of Spain. The great multitudes. the bulk of the uneducated. were those who favored the separation of the Philippines from Spain. Aware of their educational disability. their desire for freedom was. for a piece. suppressed. giving the educated illustrados the privilege of leading. However. when all else failed. the uneducated multitudes had no pick but to contend for their freedom. The Spain’s policy neglected the instruction of the indigens. more so the tolerance and growing of native leading. In fact. it was hostile to every influence coming from the outside universe. Although. Spain initiated educational reforms by go throughing Torahs on instruction. these did non pacify the ungratified heads and the combustion Black Marias of the indigens. The Filipino revolution against Spain which was sparked by the find of the Katipunan in 1896. resulted in the resignation of the last Spanish governor- gen eral Diego de los Rios to the Ilonggo revolutionarios headed by General Martin Delgado on December 25. 1898 in Plaza Alfonso XII. ( now Plaza Libertad ) in Iloilo City. This event heralded the terminal of Spanish regulation in the Philippines. However. subsequently did the indigens realized. that with the Spaniards go forthing the Philippines. another maestro knocked at the door. the Americans. Education was used by the Americans as one of the most effectual agencies of lenifying the restless indigens. Schools were established all over the archipelago. The indigens were taught how to read and compose by their American instructors. They learned American geographics. American history. lives of American heroes. sang the Star Spangled Banner and learned the English linguistic communication. The Americans was successful in doing the indigens their â€Å"little brown brothers. † The Filipinos regarded instruction as the most effectual vehicle for societal mobility. The Americans made instruction accessible to all. regardless of position in life. This made the Filipinos appreciate the Americans more. Even if literacy rate continued to increase in the first two decennaries of American business. it undeniably favored the elite in society who can afford to finance the university instruction of their kids. Although. the Americans claimed that instruction has succeeded in the Philippines because it had somehow transformed. the one time nescient people. into a literate population. imbued in them the values of civic consciousness. had lessened disease and epidemic. it failed to develop the moral and political leading. the state so urgently needs. Education during the American period brought with it advancement. together with its ailments and defects. On the one manus. it is undeniable that the constitution of the public school system was good to the Filipinos and to the Philippines. Even if its impact can non be quantified. it was assumed that higher literacy rate among the people contributed to the betterment of their criterion of life. betterment in public wellness and employment chances that hasten economic growing. It had besides awakened in them their political engagement. Education was seen as a vehicle for societal mobility and attainment of democratic ideals. The success of public instruction during the American period was an accomplishment cited by Filipino leaders as cogent evidence of their capacity for selfgovernment. On the other manus. American instruction was the H2O that bit by bit diminished the flicker of firing Filipino patriotism. The educational system established by the Americans was non entirely for giving the Filipinos the gift of literacy. but more so for their economic and political intents. This was clearly seen in the Benevolent Assimilation edict of President William McKinley which states. among others â€Å"†¦ . . to supply the Filipinos the gift of civilisation either by assimilation or conquering. † Hence. in malice of the proclamation of the Americans that they were in the Philippines because the Filipinos needed them as their usher and defender. the fact remained that the Filipinos were still a conquered state a nd that they had to weave their life harmonizing to the form of American laterality. American instruction was a successful instrument of colonisation. It bit by bit disoriented the Filipinos sense of national individuality because it introduced them into an wholly new universe. strange. yet disputing. The usage of English as medium of direction widens the divide between the elite and the Filipino multitudes. The Filipinos started to larn non merely a new linguistic communication but an wholly new manner of life. They learned everything American. which they believed is the beginning of their instruction. On 2nd idea. since it was the start of their disaffection from their roots. the development of their colonial outlook. it was in world the start of their miseducation. The Filipinos educated during the American period imbibed a different cultural orientation. They were a people possessing no patriotism in their Black Marias which will spur them to give for the public assistance of the state. It is hapless to state that this was the consequence of the failure of Philippine instruction. During the Nipponese invasion and debut of their civilization and extremist patriotism in Asia. the Filipinos fought side by side with the Americans. This was a clear indicant that American instruction succeeded in modeling the heads and character of the Filipinos to appreciate and refund this gift from their â€Å"big white brother. † The Nipponese business destroyed the public school system by pull stringsing it for their advantage. School edifices. books and other educational stuffs were destroyed. There was a dislocation of the societal values of the Filipinos. Yet. there was a desire for some to gain instruction offered by the Nipponese established schools. The period after the war marked a passage of the Philippines. non merely in footings of political leading but besides in footings of instruction. There was monolithic rebuilding non merely of substructures. but more so of the values of the Filipinos that was wrecked during the war. This was facilitated by the Americans. There was monolithic rehabilitation of school edifices and the Restoration through the school system. of the values that were practiced during the pre-war society. However. the political instability of the freshly independent nation-state affected the schools in seting this aim to world. The period after the release was marked by rapid economic growing which was matched with the rapid addition in population. urbanisation and demand for societal services. This scenario triggered the Joint Committee of Congress on Educational reform to describe in 1951. that the public school system was in crisis. and the Filipinos must happen solutions to this. Further. the commission recommended the full twenty-four hours session and the offering of Grade seven for the primary degree. but this were non implemented nor acted into jurisprudence. It is to be noted that the failure of the authorities to turn to this crisis became one of the root causes of the perennial instruction crises of the wining decennaries. However. the period from the mid 50’s was characterized by rapid economic growing. doing instruction an built-in constituent for this economic development. Paradoxically. one may inquire how the educational system that is in crisis can lend to economic growing. True. the re was growing in the economic system but jobs encountered that were rooted in societal conditions. were frequently blamed on the insufficiencies of the educational system. Anne Frank Remembered EssayThis is in response to the alliance of the basic instruction course of study to international criterions. The present system of 6 – 4 – 4. harmonizing to the instruction experts lacks the needed figure of old ages that our pupils have to pass in school. from the simple. secondary up to the third degree. Hence. there is a demand to add two more old ages to our basic instruction so that the pupils will hold more old ages in developing the necessary employability accomplishments they must hold after they graduate from secondary school. But is this truly the reply to the present disability of our educational system? Will adding two old ages bring more benefits? Or will it merely ensue to more fiscal deductions. non merely to the parents but besides to the authorities? This is a concern that has to be addressed before it becomes excessively late for us to recognize the impact it will make in the succeeding old ages. The educational system does no n have much budget from the authorities. This resulted to hapless installations. Schools in the rural countries do non have much support from the authorities. School supplies such as books are received by them about at the terminal of the twelvemonth. What usage will it give the students and pupils? To add more abuse. text editions contain a batch of mistakes in spelling and facts presented. This is a clear indicant of a government’s failure to supply the basic services needed by its people. The same job is besides experienced by State Universities and College when the authorities decided to cut down their budget allotment. News studies of pupils from the University of the Philippines and other State Universities picketing before Congress demanding for the addition of their budget is non a rare scenario. Students took it upon themselves to air out school budget concerns for these can redound to increase in their matriculation fees. non- upgrading or updating of school and library installations. and non hiring of extra module members. among others. State tally establishments are empowered to bring forth their income in order that they can pull off their fundss and non depend so much from authorities subsidies. It is in this context that school decision makers do their best to win favours from politicians. whom they believe can back up their school plans and undertakings. This consequences to another concern of excessively much political relations in instruction. Politicss in instruction is an issue that soon pervades educational system in the state. The authorities. specifically the legislators. is awkward in explicating Torahs that can turn to the crisis in the educational system. A sad world that is go oning right now is the preparation of policies with the chief intent of doing our educational system at par with those in other states. but there are no concrete guidelines as to how these are to be implemented. Most educational experts are technocrats with no experience in the field. Yes. their plans are good. to state the lea st. but because of their deficiency of experience in existent schoolroom learning. they fail to analyze the application of these plans. One specific illustration is the Bridge Program that was implemented a few old ages ago. This plan assessed the competence of Grade Six pupils to be promoted to High School. There were grade six students who scored below the passing grade that were made to reiterate grade six to bridge their admittance to high school. Therefore. this added another twelvemonth of simple schooling. However. after a twelvemonth of its execution. the plan was stopped. Worst. instructors in the schoolrooms were non punctually informed of the grounds for its noncontinuance. This is merely one of the many educational plans implemented in the Philippine educational system that were non decently monitored and evaluated. This brings to a decision that Filipinos are merely good contrivers but non good implementers and judges. Undeniably. decision makers of province tally establishments solicit fiscal support from politicians who can prolong their school undertakings. There is nil incorrect with this. However. if the support given by politician must be equated by some favours from school functionaries. this becomes a major concern by everybody. There are instances where principals. supervisors and even overseer of schools and divisions are appointed because they are recommended by good known senators. congresswomans. governors and even city managers. This pattern extends even up to the l owest degree. Politicians recommend their relations to be hired as instructors and other school staff. And if the principal has some debt of gratitude to the politician because of the support he is giving to the school. his recommendation can non be refused. This pattern defeats the intent of testing appliers for learning places because even if you are first in the ranking. but you do non hold a political dorsum up. you will be the least precedence in engaging. Although we can non wholly separate political relations in instruction. it is of great import that objectiveness. equity and justness must be observed. It is really dry that schemes like these go on in an establishment that is expected to learn and instill good moral values and virtuousnesss among the immature people of Philippine society. As pedagogues. what so can we make to transform the image that the educational system had propagated through the old ages? As an pedagogue. I believe that entire transmutation must be implemented in the instruction sector of the state. When I say transmutation of the instruction sector I refer to the entire re orientation of the system which would get down from policy transmutation. Education policies and plans. including the course of study must be carefully evaluated and studied whether they are attuned to the demands of the people and the state. Review of the commissariats must be done in all degrees and engagement of the stakeholders must be solicited. Experts must be realistic in coming up with more come-at-able policies. that will turn to non merely the educational jobs but more so contribute to economic growing and development of the state. I besides believe in the values reorientation of the Filipinos as a key to national development. The integrating of values instruction in the course of study. I believe is still non plenty to turn to this demand. Valuess become more lasting in the heads and Black Marias of the students and pupils when they are caught. modeled by their wise mans. instead than being discussed as abstract constructs in the schoolrooms. Therefore. there is an pressing call for teacher transmutation. in footings of their values orientation. I believe that instructors can non go effectual theoretical accounts of good moral values unless they undergo some procedure of values transmutation. It is ever wise to state â€Å"follow what I say and do. † instead than â€Å"follow what I say. do non follow what I do. † It is merely when students and pupils concretely observe their instructors systematically pattern these good values that they will be able to retroflex these in themselves. These. I believe is easier said than done. But unless we start making it. we can non claim tested. Last. I believe that teachers’ transmutation must include their upgrading or updating for professional and personal dev elopment. Even if the wage of the ordinary public school instructor had been standardized to be competitory. with the increasing economic crisis. it will still be non plenty to afford them attendance to seminars. preparations and registration in alumnus instruction. Hence. authorities support and intercession. along this line is really much needed. Our instructors are professionals. and I believe their pre-service preparation had equipped them with the necessary accomplishments to learn. Yet. with the promotion in scientific discipline and engineering. there is a great demand for them to get competency in the usage of these province of the art equipments to heighten their instruction accomplishments. The authorities must put on our instructors because it is through them that we train and develop the heads of our hereafter leaders. As they say. demo me your schools and I will state you what society you will hold. Mentions Apilado. Digna ( 2008 ) . A History of Paradox: Some Notes on Philippine Public Education in the twentieth Century. Barrows. David ( 1910 ) . What May Be Expected from Philippine Education? . The Journal of Race Development. Vol 1. No. 2. pp. 156 – 168. Bautista. M. C. . Bernanrdo. A. and Ocampo. D ( 2008 ) . When reforms Don’t Transform: Contemplations on Institutional reforms in the Department of Education. Human Development Network Discussion Paper. Constantino. Renato ( 1959 ) . The Miseducation of the Filipino. Weekly Graphics. Doronila. Ma. Luisa ( 1999 ) . The Transformation of Filipino instruction: An Analysis and Critique of Some Current and Emerging Policy Reforms. Funtecha. H. A ; Padilla. M. ( 2004 ) . Study Guide in Philippine History for Teachers and Students. Iloilo City: Mindset Publishing. Guillermo. Ramon ( 1997 ) . Apologizing Failures: The Filipino Government in the Education Sector. Manalang. Priscilla ( 1977 ) . Issues in Philippine Education. Phi lippine Sociological Review. Vol 25. pp. 63 – 68 Pertierra. Raul ( 1995 ) . The Mythology and Politics of Philippine Education. Kasarinlan. Vol. 10. No. 3. pp. 110 – 120. Trewby. James ( 2007 ) . The Philippines: Development Issues and Education. World Wide Web. ajssh. leena-luna. co. jp

Rear Window Analysis free essay sample

Analysis Hitchcocks fans and film scholars have taken particular interest in the way the relationship between Jeff and Lisa can be compared to the lives of the neighbors they are spying upon. The film invites speculation as to which of these paths Jeff and Lisa will follow. Many of these points are considered in Tania Modleskis feminist theory book, The Women Who Knew Too Much:[12] * Thorwald and his wife are a reversal of Jeff and Lisa—Thorwald looks after his invalid wife just as Lisa looks after the invalid Jeff. Also, Thorwalds hatred of his nagging wife mirrors Jeffs arguments with Lisa. * The newlywed couple initially seem perfect for each other (they spend nearly the entire movie in their bedroom with the blinds drawn), but at the end we see their marriage deteriorate as the wife begins to nag the husband. Similarly, Jeff is afraid of being tied down by marriage to Lisa. We will write a custom essay sample on Rear Window Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page * The middle-aged couple with the dog seem content living at home. They have the kind of uneventful lifestyle that horrifies Jeff. The Songwriter, a music composer, and Miss Lonelyhearts, a depressed spinster, lead frustrating lives, and at the end of the movie find comfort in each other: The composers new tune draws Miss Lonelyhearts away from suicide, and the composer thus finds value in his work. There is a subtle hint in this tale that Lisa and Jeff are meant for each other, despite his stubbornness. The piece the composer creates is called Lisas Theme in the credits. * Miss Torso, a beautiful dancer, initially seems to live a carefree bohemian lifestyle and often has various men over at her apartment. In the end, however, it is revealed that she has been waiting for her sweetheart, a slight-framed and boyish soldier, to return. The characters themselves verbally point out a similarity between Lisa and Miss Torso (played by Georgine Darcy). Other analyses, including that of Francois Truffaut in Cahiers du cinema in 1954, center on the relationship between Jeff and the other side of the apartment block, seeing it as a symbolic relationship between spectator and screen. Film theorist Mary Ann Doane has made the argument[citation needed] hat Jeff, representing the audience, becomes obsessed with the screen, where a collection of storylines are played out. This line of analysis has often followed a feminist approach to interpreting the film. Doane, who used Freudian analysis to claim women spectators of a film become masculinized, pays close attention to how Jeffs rather passive attitude to romance with the elegant Lisa changes when she metaphorically crosses over from the spectator si de to the screen: it is only when Lisa seeks out the wedding ring of Thorwalds murdered wife that Jeff shows real passion for her. In the climax, when he is pushed through the window (the screen), he has been forced to become part of the show. Other issues such as voyeurism and feminism are analyzed in John Beltons book Alfred Hitchcocks Rear Window. Rear Window is a voyeuristic film. As Stella (Thelma Ritter) tells Jeff, Weve become a race of Peeping Toms. This applies equally to the cinema as well as to real life. Stella invokes the specifically sexual pleasures of looking that is identified as exemplary of classical Hollywood. The majority of the film is seen through Jeffs visual point of view and his mental perspective. Stellas words sum up Hitchcocks broader project as film maker, namely, to implicate us as spectators. While Jeff is watching the rear window people, we too are being peeping toms as we watch him, and the people he watches as well. As a voyeuristic society, we take personal pleasure in watching what is going on around us. [citation needed] (from wikipedia. org)

An Overview of Classical Indian Music essays

An Overview of Classical Indian Music essays Ustad Nishat Khan comes from a very musical family that plays an important role in Indian classical music. His father, Ustad Imrat Khan, was the innovator of the family. He passed the musical knowledge down through his four sons. Ustad Imrad Khan is a master of the surbahar. A surbahar is a deep-toned, sitar-like stringed instrument that was developed by his great-grandfather, Ustad Sahabdad Khan. It has a four-octave range and plays an extremely large role in Indian classical music. Imrat was taught at an early age before his father died then guided his four sons into the style of Indian classical music. Nishat Khan took up the sitar while his brothers played Indian classical music is an unbroken tradition that has been around for centuries. Indian classical music has evolved into two definite branches. One is the North Indian called Hindustani and the South Indian called Carnatic. Hindustani tradition is found in Kashmir, Punjab, and Bengal. In Pakistan and Bangladesh, the tradition has weakened in the last half a century in those countries. Carnatic is primarily found in the four southern states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Hindustani and Carantic are very similar to each other in terms of form and specific sections such as for improvisation, or a compositional section. Slight terms are different in Carantic music but the overall outline is basically the same. Some important terms used in the music are Raga. This is a melodic structure which is used to build a mood. Each raga has its own feeling and distinct mood to itself. Through meditation, the performer would visualize the personality of the raga, allowin g them to perform it with more success. Tala is another important term which refers to rhythmic cycles. These cycles range from 3 to 108 beats. Talas which share the same number of beats may have stressed on different beats. For example, a bar of 10 could be divided into 3-4-3. This allows for the p...

Warrants Essay Example

Warrants Essay Example Warrants Essay Warrants Essay Warrants Name: Course: Instructor: Institution: Date: Warrants Research on warrants Warrants are issued by a judge on behalf of the state. These warrants authorize a criminal’s arrest and detention. It also authorizes searches and seizure of a person’s property. A criminal warrant is a legal document ordering the law enforcement officers to carry out some of the activities in line with a criminal case. These warrants may be issue without the accused person’s knowledge. The criminal may not be aware of being accused of a crime when this warrant is issued. However, it may also be issued after the accused has been ordered to appear in court. The judge issues the criminal warrant in order to obtain evidence or ensure belief that the accused has actually committed the criminal act. Included in the warrant is written information about the case, the criminal’s name and the crime he is accused of. The warrant also included the name of the judge who issued it and the issue date. These warrants entail the actions the officers should undertake. How ever, the warrant’s format and details differ depending on the court’s location. At times, the arrest warrants contain realistic mistakes. These mistakes may include misspelling the suspect’s name or stating a wrong crime. In such situations, the suspect should be shown the warrant by the police. After this, if the suspect is able to prove himself not to be the real criminal, then the orders specified in the warrant will not apply to the suspect. However, in most cases the police do not show the warrant to the suspect. Mistakes such as wrong identity are usually resolved later. Errors such as clerical are never considered enough proof to terminate the warrant. These criminal arrest warrants are provided after a complaint has been filed. This complaint is based on a judicial finding. This finding ensures a probable cause. However, the probable cause warrants is just one the examples of the criminal arrest warrants (Cole Smith, 2010). When they began and why The European arrest warrants were introduced in 2004 to enable direct issuance of the warrants by a judge. This enabled the direct enforcement of the warrant of arrest presented by the judicial authority by one member state to another member state. This enables the issuance of the arrest warrant for any offence punishable by imprisonment for a maximum sentence of at least one year. When the accused person has already been sentenced, this crime should provide a four months imprisonment. The warrants were introduced to reduce the great time that was taken before extraditing a person from one of the European states to another. This also enabled the criminals to find it difficult to evade justice. It also equalized the freedom of movement within the European Union countries and increase safety. Since then, this has proved to be effective. This has also enabled the fugitives to face justice. The introduction of the warrants enables the tracing and arresting of the criminals. Thereafter, they are brought before the magistrate’s court where the magistrate fixes the hearing date that is usually within twenty-one days of arrest. The accused are informed on the contents of the warrants by the court. This enables them to agree to the accusations leveled up against them or disagree with them. The person then remains in custody or is bailed. The arrest warrants enabled all these acts to be possible. Therefore, this is the reason why it was important for them to be implemented (Schmalleger, 2012). What are they used for There are many kinds of warrants. Arrest warrants are documents issued by the court to authorize the arrest of criminals. The police take these suspected criminals in to custody and hold them until trial. The person arrested is always listed on the warrant. In some cases, the judge can state the amount of bail in the warrant. The warrant should also state that there is a probable cause for believing that the accused committed the crime. Another type of warrant is a search warrant. This is usually issued to enable the law enforcement officers to investigate a crime. This warrant enables the officers to carry out a search on a criminal and to carry out a search on a person’s property. This search is done to find out if the accused has any relations to the crime he is being accused of committing. In case the law enforcement officers find evidence, they can seize it as part of the investigation. Example, a search warrant can enable the officers to search the house of a person accu sed of murder. In case the officers find weapons such as guns or a knife stained with blood, the officers may seize the weapon to act as evidence in court. Another warrant is a bench warrant. The judge issues this warrant in a criminal case. In case the accused fails to fulfill the court’s requirements, a warrant is issued to take the accused person to custody. A case of absenteeism in court by the accused makes the judge to serve a bench warrant to the police in order for them to bring the accused to court. In addition, this warrant is issued on failure to pay fine or on lack of community service performance as ordered by the court. However, before issuing these warrants, the judge must ensure that the person had a court notice on when to show up in court or that the person had an order by the court to pay the fine on a particular date or perform the community service on specific days. This warrant is only issued with sufficient cause unlike other warrants that are issued with probable cause. This is because the judge only requires sufficient evidence in order to issue the warrant. In addition, the bench warrants are the only wa rrants applicable in the civil cases (Stoddart, 2006). When and how the warrants are served To obtain a warrant, the police present a written sworn statement to the judge or the magistrate. The sworn statement that is usually given under oath must give sufficient and accurate information to ensure a probable cause under arrest warrants and sufficient cause under bench warrants. This is to ensure that the crime was committed or the accused failed to satisfy the court’s requirements. There should be certainty that the name contained in the warrant belongs to the person who committed the crime. A broad description of the person accused of the crime does not apply in the issuing of the warrants. Example, a judge will not issue a warrant based on an affidavit that Smith was robbed by a tall black man and Steve matches the description. This is a vague description and it would apply to many people since there are countless tall black men everywhere. Therefore, this description does not establish a probable cause that Steve robbed Smith. Therefore, the probable cause to arr est Steve would be sufficient if the affidavit included accurate information on Steve. This sufficient information may include at least more than one witness and a photo of Steve. The officers obtain the arrest warrant when they need to arrest a criminal. This is usually after a case is leveled up against the criminal. The judge issues the arrest warrant in order for the criminal to face trial. A search warrant is issued when the officers need to conduct an investigation and obtain evidence that can be used in court. In most cases, people do not allow the police officers to search their premises or work place for evidence without search warrants. Therefore, the judge issues search warrants in order to enable the police to have an easy work obtaining evidence. In cases of absenteeism in court by the accused, the officers obtain a bench warrant The judge issues this warrant in order to enable the police to find the suspect and bring him to court for him to face his trial. In addition, it is also issued when the accused fails to pay his fine or when he fails to perform hi s community service as required (Schmalleger, 2012). State’s rules on warrants Different states have different rules on warrants. The Canadian police officers obtain the arrest warrants from the judge or the peace justice. The judge issues these warrants as per the Canadian criminal code. This code requires that upon the issue of the warrant, the officer arresting the accused should give a notice to the accused. This notice is on the order to arrest the accused and the basis for its issue. The officer then presents the warrant upon request. In the United Kingdom, the arrest warrant is also issued by the justice of peace. This is under the 1980 court rule. In this state, information laid before the justice of peace in writing concerning a criminal offence is only approved for persons over the age of eighteen. These arrest warrants are only issued for a person over eighteen. The offence the person is being accused of should be one punishable by imprisonment. On the other hand, the magistrates issue the warrants in Northern Ireland. The court issues the warrants in the United States. However, the United States congress or the legislatures can also issue them. In this state, the warrant should be supported by a sworn statement. Therefore, this satisfies the probable cause. In addition, the officer making the arrest should present the criminal before the magistrate as fast as possible. The officer making an arrest in accordance with a warrant that is presented upon complaint should follow some basic rules. The person should be presented before the magistrate without unnecessary delays. The government attorney should move to the district where the warrant was issued to terminate the complaint. The defendant cannot be arrested without a warrant since the probable cause rule will not have been satisfied. However, upon the absence of the magistrate or judge, the accused appears before the state or the local judicial officer (Cole Smith, 2010). References Cole, G. F., Smith, C. E. (2010). The American system of criminal justice. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Schmalleger, F. (2012). Criminal justice: A brief introduction. Boston: Prentice Hall. Stoddart, C. N. (2006). Criminal warrants. Edinburgh: Butterworths.

Growth trategy of Adida Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7750 words

Growth trategy of Adida - Coursework Example The company i working to change cutomer' perception Reebok from that of a dicount hoe brand to a premium brand. A part of thee effort, the company ha witched the Reebok wholeale model from bulk pre-order to pay a you go. Wholeale cutomer like Footlocker now order Reebok hoe a they need them rather than ordering them in bulk. Thi make it le likely that larger retailer will dicount Reebok hoe in order to clear their inventorie. Adida i, at it core, an international company with only 30% of it 2007 ale coming from North America. Moreover, it i rapidly expanding it preence in emerging market like Aia and Latin America. Becaue it target the wealthiet egment of the market the company lead it competitor in ale in Japan, Korea, India, Thailand, Indoneia, and New Zealand; ale growth in it core emerging market in Latin America and Aia have ha topped 24% in the lat everal year. By 2010, management expect China to be it econd bigget market. (Cooper and Lybrand, 2004, 77-84) Adida Group generate revenue by elling it product to retail tore or directly to the cutomer via one of the brand' concept tore, factory outlet, conceion corner, or online tore. Of thi revenue, 46% i from footwear, 42% from apparel, and 12% from hardware. In 2007 the company had 10.3 billion in revenue ($13.7 billion baed on the average 2007 exchange rate), which wa a 7% currency-neutral increae over 2006' revenue of 10.084 billion ($12.557 billion). While operating margin ha dropped overall ince 2005, thi can be attributed to the cot aociated with integrating Reebok, which ha reulted in extra operating expene of over $30 million during the pat two year. Adida i a company that manufacture hoe and port apparel. The founder i Adolf Daler who i German. The name created by combination of the name and urname Adi Daler, who tarted producing hoe in 1920 with the help of hi brother Rudolf Daler. That make cotumer, to recognize Adida i three parallel tripe of the ame color. (Cooper et al, 2000, 38-39) logan: "IMPOIBLE I NOTHING" trategic Objective We are innovation and deign leader who eek to help athlete of all kill level achieve peak performance with every product we bring to the market. We are a global organization that i ocially and environmentally reponible, creative and financially rewarding for our employee and hareholder. We are committed to continuouly trengthening our brand and product to improve our competitive poition and financial performance. In the medium term, we will extend our leading market poition in Europe, expand our hare of the U footwear market and be the fatet growing major porting good upplier in Aia and Latin America. The reulting top-line growth, together with trict cot control and working capital improvement, will drive over-proportionate earning growth. (Cooper and Kaplan, 2004, 130-135) .W.O.T. Analyi trength - In many invent i the bigget ponor - trong management team - Brand recognition and reputation - Diverity and variety in product offered on

Issue of immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Issue of immigration - Essay Example First of all, we should never forget the fact that United States is a country of immigrants from the very its creation. This makes USA essentially multicultural as there are a lot of representatives of different cultures and nations cohabitate on the same territory. Recent researches show that the level of immigration in the US is increasing not only because of a better economical level of life, but also because of the multiculturalism of the country, which allows people from different counties feel comfortable on the US territory (Clark, Hatton, and Williamson 359). In addition, it is very important for immigrants to live in a country that can provide them with special adaptation to their cultural consumer needs, like production of special goods, adaptation of language, and ethnical-based education. These policies indeed exist in the US and depend on a state and the amount of foreign immigrants in it (Crockett et al. 50). However, racial and national humanism that exists in the coun try is obviously not the main reason why people from all over the world strive to live in USA. The main reason is a high level of life and possibility of gaining material prosperity in the United States (Orrenius and Zavodny 949). Still the increasing level of immigration has caused some difficulties concerning changes in the US immigration policies. This new restricted laws and conditions of checking of incoming immigrants forbid a lot of people to become US citizens. One of such issue is division of immigrants’ families where children born within the US borders are citizens while their parents are illegal (Hwang and Parreà ±as 100). The problem causes a lot of discussions as the restricted immigrant law often breaks families, creating unhappy citizens of the country and forming a specific layer of society. In fact, these actions break the liberal principles of

History Important Terms Essay Example for Free

History Important Terms Essay Bacon’s Rebellion-1676 Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness. John Winthrop-He became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony, and served in that capacity from 1630 through 1649. A Puritan with strong religious beliefs. He opposed total democracy, believing the colony was best governed by a small group of skillful leaders. He helped organize the New England Confederation in 1643 and served as its first president. He believed in the creation of a City on a Hill and that they would be an example to the world. Separatists- Non-separatists (which included the Puritans) believed that the Church of England could be purified through reforms. Separatists (which included the Pilgrims) believed that the Church of England could not be reformed and that it was corrupt so started their own congregations. Roger Williams-Rhode Island. He left the Massachusetts colony and purchased the land from a neighboring Indian tribe to found the colony of Rhode Island. Rhode Island was the only colony at that time to offer complete religious freedom. He was an antinomian. He was exiled from Massachusetts because of his beliefs. He believed you couldn’t take land from Native Americans because they could be saved, Anglican Church is too corrupt, separation of church and state and religious toleration, you don’t have to listen to the bible or minister if you are already predetermined. Founder of Rhode Island. Anne Hutchinson-She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. She was forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637. Her followers (the Antinomians) founded the colony of New Hampshire in 1639. She allied with merchants. Said the bible was wrong. Visible saints- people who were godly Christians and who went to heaven when they died. Puritans believed that they were the saints of the world. Half-Way Covenant- The Half-way Covenant applied to those members of the Puritan colonies who were the children of church members, but who hadn’t achieved grace themselves. The covenant allowed them to participate in some church affairs. Dominion of New England- 1686 The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros. An example that Britain was beginning to lose control of New England. Penns Holy Experiment- William Penn’s term for the government of Pennsylvania, which was supposed to serve everyone and provide freedom for all. He was a Quaker. He was most likely gay so he wasn’t accepted by puritans but in Pennsylvania he could be free and safe because they believed that they are the same as everyone else. Nathaniel Bacon- Virginian planter who organized a militia of 500, attacked and killed Indians because some tribes caused planters problems. Then he marched the militia into Jamestown and burned it. House of Burgesses-1619 The Virginia House of Burgesses formed the first legislative body in colonial America. Later other colonies would adopt houses of burgesses. Indentured servants- People who could not afford passage to the colonies could become indentured servants. Another person would pay their passage, and in exchange, the indentured servant would serve that person for a set length of time (usually seven years) and then would be free. Headright- Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists middle passage passage from the African west coast to the West Indies Enlightenment-A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700s and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God. It is believed that it influenced the American Revolution. Great Awakening- Puritanism had declined by the 1730s, and people were upset about the decline in religious piety. The Great Awakening was a sudden outbreak of religious fervor that swept through the colonies. One of the first events to unify the colonies. It believed in individualism and New Birth. Believed to influence American Revolution. George Whitefield- George Whitefield, an Anglican minister, led numerous revivals and preached a theology â€Å"scaled down to the comprehension of twelve-year-olds.† While not denying the doctrine of predestination, he preached a God responsive to good intentions. He believed in the concept of New Birth. Jonathan Edwards- Jonathan Edwards was the most famous native-born revivalist. In 1727 he â€Å"inherited† his grandfather’s pulpit in Northampton, Massachusetts, and dramatized hell’s fire and brimstone from the pulpit. Eventually in 1749 his parishioners voted to dismiss him. By the 1750s, the Great Awakening, the first truly national event in American history, had run its course. Although it had caused divisions, it also fostered religious toleration. His most famous work is â€Å"Sinners†. He believed one could become morally perfect. Mercantilism-Navigation Acts- the most important legislature that Britain passed on colonies. Says that all goods shipped on vessels built in UK, Raw material to UK only in UK ships, no manufacturing in colonies, 75% UK crews, all goods to other countries stop in UK for unloading. Congregationalism- Puritan system. Says that church is center of town and the meeting house. Congregation elects minister. Pilgrims Mayflower Compact- 1620 The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony. It said that all people must adhere to majority rule, allegiance to king and church is the center of their town. Triangle Trade- The backbone of New England’s economy during the colonial period. Ships from New England sailed first to Africa, exchanging New England rum for slaves. The slaves were shipped from Africa to the Caribbean (this was known as the Middle Passage, when many slaves died on the ships). In the Caribbean, the slaves were traded for sugar and molasses. Then the ships returned to New England, where the molasses were used to make rum. Great Migration- Many Puritans emigrated from England to America in the 1630s and 1640s. During this time, the population of the Massachusetts Bay colony grew to ten times its earlier population. King Philips War- 1675 A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion. Covenant of Grace- Puritan teachings emphasized the biblical covenants: God’s covenants with Adam and with Noah, the covenant of grace between God and man through Christ. John Smith-Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter. Virginia Company-Virginia was formed by the Virginia Company as a profit-earning venture. Starvation was the major problem; about 90% of the colonists died the first year, many of the survivors left, and the company had trouble attracting new colonists. They offered private land ownership in the colony to attract settlers, but the Virginia Company eventually went bankrupt and the colony went to the crown. Virginia did not become a successful colony until the colonists started raising and exporting tobacco. William Berkeley- the royal governor, Sir William Berkeley of Virginia. He was forced by Bacon to legitimize his power in order to take control of Jamestown and fight against Indians. seasoning time- period of time when new colonists became accustomed to the weather and hygiene conditions in the colony Toleration Act of 1649- 1649 Ordered by Lord Baltimore after a Protestant was made governor of Maryland at the demand of the colonys large Protestant population. The act guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians. Maryland was unique in that it became a refuge for Catholic immigrants, and although Catholics were a minority in Maryland their rights were protected Jacob Leisler- In New York in 1689, Jacob Leisler seized control of the government for two years before being sent to the gallows. But for two decades struggles continued between those who shared Leisler’s dislike of English rule and those who had opposed his takeover. He took control of New York. He was arrested for denying English troops to enter key forts. He arrested many new Yorkers for questioning his authority. John Peter Zenger- Another political problem occurred when Governor William Cosby made a claim for back salary and was opposed by forces led by Lewis Morris. Morrisites established a weekly journal which was eventually closed down and which led to the trial for seditious libel of its editor, John Peter Zenger. Deism- The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life. Albany Plan of Union- During the French and Indian War, Franklin wrote this proposal for a unified colonial government, which would operate under the authority of the British government. Gives the arousal of William Pitt. The first time the colonies unite. Great War for Empire- increased tensions between France and Britain. France puts up forts around their land. Britain is defeated in Ohio because they have really bad Generals and Native Americans are allied with France, But Irukoy Indians ally with Britain. It is the cause of the first meeting between all 13 colonies. William Pitt was appointed general and helped defeat the French. Regulator Movement- was the attempt to regulate taxes in North Carolina where citizens took up arms against corrupt colonial officials. While unsuccessful, some historians consider it a catalyst to the American Revolutionary War. Stono Rebellion in NY- the rebellion against slavery in New York. One of the earliest known organized rebellions in the present United States, it was led by native Africans who were Catholic and the rebellion was suppressed. Treaty of Paris (1763)- 1763 the Treaty of Paris ended hostilities and gave England dominance in North America. France is out of New World. North Carolina Regulators- Western frontiersmen who in 1768 rebelled in protest against the high taxes imposed by the Eastern colonial government of North Carolina, and whose organization was crushed by military force by Governor Tryon in 1771. In South Carolina, groups of vigilantes who organized to fight outlaw bands along the Western frontier in 1767-1769, and who disbanded when regular courts were established in those areas. Sugar Act (1764)- The passage of the Sugar Act (1764), which placed tariffs on sugar, coffee, wines, and other imported products, was denounced by the colonists as taxation without representation. Also in 1764, the government in London restricted the printing, although not the use of, paper money in the colonies. Salutary neglect- colonists resorted to smuggling and bribery to bypass Parliamentary regulations. Mercantilistic laws merely steered American economy toward England, and the colonies enjoyed almost continuous prosperity from 1650 until the Revolution. Proclamation of 1763- Proclamation of 1763. No settlers were to cross the Appalachian divide, only licensed traders could do business in that area, and the purchase of Indian land was outlawed. The purpose of the proclamation was to organize Great Britains new North American empire and to stabilize relations with Native North Americans through regulation of trade, settlement, and land purchases on the western frontier. Tea Act 1773- The final crisis in the ongoing conflict over imperial control surfaced in 1773 when Parliament, in attempting to save the corrupt and inefficient British East India Company from bankruptcy, gave the company a monopoly on colonial tea trade. Although this action reduced the price of tea (middlemen were eliminated), Americans regarded it as a sly attempt to trap them into paying the tea tax. In Boston the situation deteriorated as Samuel Adams and other propagandists inflamed the public to a point that on December 16, 1773, the Boston Tea Party occurred. Coercive Acts 1774- All of these names refer to the same acts, passed in 1774 in response to the Boston Tea Party, and which included the Boston Port Act, which shut down Boston Harbor; the Massachusetts Government Act, which disbanded the Boston Assembly (but it soon reinstated itself); the Quartering Act, which required the colony to provide provisions for British soldiers; and the Administration of Justice Act, which removed the power of colonial courts to arrest royal officers. Albany Plan-Stamp Act Congress 1765- taxed many kinds of printed matter, including newspapers, legal documents, and licenses. Was direct taxing by eng. An intercolonial Stamp Act Congress passed resolutions of protest, and relations were further strained as colonists burned the stamps, boycotted British goods, and the Sons of Liberty resorted to some violence. Parliament responded by repealing the Stamp Act (1766). Writs of Assistance- Search warrants issued by the British government. They allowed officials to search houses and ships for smuggled goods, and to enlist colonials to help them search. The writs could be used anywhere, anytime, as often as desired. The officials did not need to prove that there was reasonable cause to believe that the person subject to the search had committed a crime or might have possession of contraband before getting a writ or searching a house. The writs were protested by the colonies. Declaratory Act 1766- On the same day Parliament repealed the Stamp Act, it passed a Declaratory Act establishing its right to enact any colonial legislation it deemed proper. The Declaratory Act highlighted the degree to which British and Americans had drifted apart on the concepts of representation, constitution, and sovereignty. Townshend Acts 1767- Facing the possibility of a deficit budget, Parliament passed the Townshend Acts (1767) which placed new taxes on glass, lead, paints, paper, and tea. Colonists immediately began boycotting British imports and influential Americans began questioning the basis of the British colonial system. The spectrum of debate ranged from the moderate views of John Dickinson to the radical opinions of Samuel Adams. Boston Massacre 1770- On March 5, 1770, idlers tossed snowballs at Redcoats guarding the Boston Custom House, and panicking soldiers fired their muskets into the crowd, killing five. Although radicals like Samuel Adams played up the incident, cooler heads prevailed and a post-massacre truce settled over British America. Circular Letter- a letter sent by Sam Adams to colonies that says taxing is unconstitutional. Virtual Actual Representation- Virtual representation means that a representative is not elected by his constituents, but he resembles them in his political beliefs and goals. Actual representation mean that a representative is elected by his constituents. The colonies only had virtual representation in the British government. 1st-2nd Continental Congress- The First Continental Congress met to discuss their concerns over Parliaments dissolutions of the New York (for refusing to pay to quarter troops), Massachusetts (for the Boston Tea Party), and Virginia Assemblies. The First Continental Congress rejected the plan for a unified colonial government, stated grievances against the crown called the Declaration of Rights, resolved to prepare militias, and created the Continental Association to enforce a new non-importation agreement through Committees of Vigilence. In response, in February, 1775, Parliament declared the colonies to be in rebellion. It met in 1776 and drafted and signed the Declaration of Independence, which justified the Revolutionary War and declared that the colonies should be independent of Britain. Sam Adams- A Massachusetts politician who was a radical fighter for colonial independence. Helped organize the Sons of Liberty and the Non-Importation Commission, which protested the Townshend Acts, and is believed to have lead the Boston Tea Party. He served in the Continental Congress throughout the Revolution, and served as Governor of Massachusetts from 1794-1797. John Dickenson- Drafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances, and also wrote the series of Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania in 1767 to protest the Townshend Acts. Although an outspoken critic of British policies towards the colonies, Dickinson opposed the Revolution, and, as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776, refused to sign the Declaration of Independence. Sons of Liberty- A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere. Unit II Terms Olive Branch Petition- a petition sent by John Dickinson during the Second Continental Congress to George III of Britain to try and reconcile their feuds. It fails to have any effect because by the time the petition arrives in Britain George III knows about Bunker’s Hill and declares Massachusetts in open rebellion so he cuts off all imports to colonies, which will cause major economic problems. Common Sense- a testament written by Tomas Paine to challenge the authority of the British government and the royal monarchy. He writes it to try and create a greater awareness that colonist need independence. It is simple and easy to read. Called for colonists to realize their mistreatment and push for independence from England. Attacked King George III and the monarchy itself. As a result, Continental Congress unleashed privateers against British commerce, open American ports, established state governments. Loyalists- colonists that fight for the British during the Revolution. They included Canadian elites in fear of Americans spreading into their land, some native Americans, and were influenced by the Whigs. They wanted to remain loyal to the British king. Yorktown (1781)- The Battle of Yorktown. It is the decisive battle that ends the Revolutionary War. It forced the British to surrender and negotiate some sort of agreement between America. It leads to the Treaty of Paris 1783 which acknowledged the colonies as independent. Thomas Paine- author of Common Sense. He wanted to create more awareness to colonists about what Britain was doing. He wanted to inspire colonists to do something about their independence. Declaration of Independence- the statement adopted on July 4th that declared that the colonies were no longer part of Britain. Sharply separated Loyalists from Patriots and helped to start the American Revolution by allowing England to hear of the colonists disagreements with British authority. Franco-American Alliance-Saratoga (1778)- an alliance formed between France and the United States. France agrees to help America militarily and economically to defeat and weaken Britain. Articles of Confederation (1781)- The first form of federal government. It had limited national power. It requires a unanimous vote from all colonies to ratify a law, donations instead of taxes, inadequate central government. Gave states independence and more power over national government (able to form treaties, control foreign policy, coin money). Its successes were the Land ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance 1787. Peace of Paris (1783)- Treaty between America and Britain. It recognizes America’s independence. It required all British troops to be evacuated as long as loyalists were paid; all land east of Mississippi went to America, fishing rights of grand banks. Saratoga-Yorktown- two important and decisive battles for America. They are both victories for America.   Republican Motherhood- Came from US War of Independence. Concept that women should educate themselves in the principles of liberty, independence, and democracy so as to inculcate the coming generation with these republican values. This was one sign that women were becoming more respected as intellectually capable. Shays Rebellion 1786- Daniel Shay (Revolutionary War veteran) gathered farmers and marched to courthouse because of trade issues and taxes, preventing state Supreme Court from meeting. State sent troops to fight them and suppressed them. Shay and his rebellion were arrested. Land Ordinance of 1785 -Provided for surveying western territories into 6 square mile townships before sale at auction. Compromise between south’s sale to individuals and NE’s sale to groups or companies. 1 section for education and schooling. Imposts -Section 8 of the Constitution. Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defense and general Welfare of the US. But all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the US. Annapolis Convention 17855 -states met â€Å"to discuss common problems of commerce†. All talk, no action. Decided not to make any changes due to lack of reps from other states, so Hamilton suggested they meet in Philadelphia to â€Å"fix† the Articles of Confederation. 3/5 Compromise-North argued slaves should be counted for federal taxation. South disagreed but still wanted slaves counted as people to determine number in House of Representatives. Eventually Every slave counted as 3/5 of a person. 1808 Compromise- Allowed the slave trade to continue, but placed a date-certain on its survival. Congress eventually passed a law outlawing the slave trade that became effective on January 1, 1808. Virginia Plan- a political plan that wanted 2 houses; upper and lower. A strong central government and representation that is proportional to population.   New Jersey Plan- a political plan that wanted equal representation in every state regardless of population.   Northwest Ordinance of 1787- Establishes government for West. First governed by governor and 3 judges, then territory with legislature, and then state. Determines process of dividing territory and writing territory constitution. Banded by Ohio Mississippi Rivers and Great Lakes. Same rights as original 13 states. Prohibited slavery. Great Compromise- Delegates at Great Convention decided to have bicameral legislature: Lower House- House of Representatives dependent on population (Virginia Plan – favored by larger states) and Upper House- Senate, with equal number of representatives per state (2 per state) (New Jersey Plan – small states). All revenue bills begin in house. Any bill that says it will take money will begin in house of representatives because they are closer to the people. The Federalists Papers 1788- by Madison, Jay and Hamilton. To convince voters in Virginia and New York that constitution was worth a chance. Had little impact but finally New York and Virginia supported it. Checks and balances- Phrase to describe the separation of powers/branches of government. By dividing powers between legislature, executive (President), and judiciary, no one branch can be too powerful. Each one can â€Å"check† the other’s actions. Antifederalists -People against federalists in 1787. Disagreed with the Constitution because they believed peoples rights were being taken away without a Bill of Rights. Appealed to â€Å"common man† as they didn’t want an elected aristocracy. Gave in a bit when promised the Bill of Rights, which they wanted because the British constitution is unwritten so no one can claim any rights. Bill of Rights 1791- By Madison (since he wrote the Constitution too). First 10 amendments of Constitution. Added in 1791. Guarantees civil liberties like freedom of speech, free press, and freedom of religion, etc. written to satisfy the needs of states fearful of losing their rights (anti-federalists. Hamiltons Economic Plans 1792-94- Funding and Assumption. (Funding- funding the national debt. Spend your way out of debt by funding the old debt. Government taxes and uses bonds (citizens lend government money) people who gave money will pay taxes, will want government to succeed so they get their money back.) (Assumption- the central government takes (assumes) all of the state debts.) Funding and assumption later lead to the formation of political parties. Whiskey Rebellion 1795- 1st major challenge to federal authority. Small rebellion that began in Southwestern Pennsylvania in 1794. Challenge to the national governments unjust use of an excise tax on whiskey. Washington crushed the rebellion with excessive force, proving the strength of the national governments power in its military. Shows that constitution is supreme law and that there are severe limits to what people can do to oppose government.

The Scene of the Screen Envisioning Cinematc and Electronic Presence :: Free Essay Writer

The Scene of the Screen Envisioning Cinematc and Electronic Presence It is obvious that cinematic and electronic technologies of representation have had enormous impact upon our means of signification during the past century. Less obvious, however, is the similar impact these technologies have had upon the historically particular significance or "sense" we have and make of those temporal and spatial coordinates that radically inform and orient our social, individual, and bodily existences. At this point in time in the United States, whether or not we go to the movies, watch television or music videos, own a video tape recorder/player, allow our children to play video and computer games, or write our academic papers on personal computers, we are all part of a moving-image culture and we live cinematic and electronic lives. Indeed, it is not an exaggeration to claim that none of us can escape daily encounters--both direct and indirect--with the objective phenomena of motion picture, televisual, and computer technologies and the networks of communication and texts they produce. Nor is it an extravagance to suggest that, in the most profound, socially pervasive, and yet personal way, these objective encounters transform us as subjects. That is, although relatively novel as "materialities" of human communication, cinematic and electronic media have not only historically symbolized but also historically constituted a radical alteration of the forms of our culture's previous temporal and spatial consciousness and of our bodily sense of existential "presence" to the world, to ourselves, and to others. This different sense of subjective and material "presence" both signified and supported by cinematic and electronic media emerges within and co-constitutes objective and material practices of representation and social existence. Thus, while cooperative in creating the moving-image culture or "life-world" we now inhabit, cinematic and electronic technologies are each quite different from each other in their concrete "materiality" and particular existential significance. Each offers our lived-bodies radically different ways of "being-in-the world." Each implicates us in different structures of material investment, and--because each has a particular affinity with different cultural functions, forms, and contents--each stimulates us through differing modes of representation to different aesthetic responses and ethical responsibilities. In sum, just as the photograph did in the last century, so in this one, cinematic and electronic screens differently demand and shape our "presence" to th e world and our representation in it. Each differently and objectively alters our subjectivity while each invites our complicity in formulating space, time, and bodily investment as significant personal and social experience.

Baker College Corporate Services Essay

Franklin Delano Roosevelt was one of America’s greatest Leaders. His accomplishments are discussed in this paper in a biographical manner, as well as other Authors opinions about them, including my humble self’s. This paper gives an example of a forward looking, charismatic leader. The whole population of this great country is benefitting from his accomplishments, and will continue to do so for generations, with only slight adjustments for technology and culture. Franklin Delano Roosevelt An Example to Remember When somebody asks to pick a favorite leader, a number of the great ones pop into mind, like Christopher Columbus, George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Douglas McArthur, Franklin Delano Roosevelt among others. It is a tough choice. They were all great. Franklin Delano Roosevelt had so many great accomplishments during his life time; the only way to list and discuss them would be in the biographical manner the Author chose. The reason the author chose to write about Franklin Delano Roosevelt was the similarity of today’s economy that he faced at the time of his first term in the office as well as our current president elect’s choice to use some of his strategies to correct the present state of our economy. Faced with World War II, Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR), guided America through one of its greatest domestic crisis, His presidency, which spanned twelve years, was unparalleled, not only in length but in scope. FDR took office with the country mired in a horrible and debilitating economic depression which not only sapped its material wealth and spiritual strength, but cast a cloud over its future, not unlike what we are facing today. â€Å"Roosevelt’s combination of confidence, optimism, and political savvy, all of which came together in the experimental economic and social programs of the â€Å"New Deal† helped bring about the beginnings of a national recovery (Baliles, 2005, p. 1). † FDR also committed the United States to the defeat of Germany, Japan, and Italy, and led the nation and its allies to the brink of victory. This triumph dramatically altered America’s relationship with the world, putting the United States into a position of international power, as well as political and moral leadership. By virtue of its newfound political and economic power, the United States would play a leading role in shaping the remainder of the twentieth century. Inside the United States Franklin Roosevelt stirred a domestic political revolution on several fronts. † FDR and the Democratic Party built a power base which carried the party to electoral and ideological, dominance until the late 1960s (Baliles, 2005, p. 1) â€Å". FDR’s policies, especially those comprising the New Deal, helped redefine and strengthen both the country as well as the American presidency, expanding its political, administrative, and constitutional powers of the office (Baliles, 2005). FDR was born in Hyde Park, New York, in 1882, to James and Sara Roosevelt. His parents were well off, if not wealthy by New York High society standards. While growing up, they were able to provide a succession of nannies, and at age 14 send him to a prestigious boarding school in Massachusetts. He went on to Harvard College, where he spent most of his time at the college paper, where he declared himself a Democrat. While at Harvard, he grew close to his cousin Theodor Roosevelt, who was moving up the political ladder in the Democratic Party, and began courting his distant cousin, Elanor Roosevelt. Although FDR started attending law school at Columbia at this time, he had little interest and dropped out after one year. Elanor and FDR were married in New York City in 1905. He had six children: Anna Elanor, born 1906; James, born 1907; Franklin Jr. , born 1909 and died the same year in November; Elliott, born 1910; Franklin Jr. , born 1914 and John Aspinwall, born 1916 (Coker, 2005). In 1910 FDR ran and got elected to the New York Senate and was re-elected in 1912. One year later he began his tenure as assistant secretary of the Navy under the Wilson administration at the age of 31, helping to prepare the country for entry into the world war. He moved his family to Washington for this reason. WWI lasted from April1917 until November 1918. â€Å"On more than one occasion, he was subject to ribbing by those around him as being a â€Å"little boy†. Nevertheless, in characteristic Roosevelt fashion, he was undaunted by his lack of experience and plunged into the job with enthusiasm and confidence (Coker, 2005, pg. 28). † As a matter of fact, he did such a great job, that in 1920 the Democratic Party named him the vice-presidential candidate on James Cox’s ticket. They lost the election in November of that year. Roosevelt’s most significant responsibility in the Navy Department had to do with labor negotiations with defense contractors. His primary goal in this area was to encourage positive relations between workers, industry leaders, and the military. In this capacity he gained appreciation for labor issues and learned how to handle sometimes rocky labor disputes (Coker, 2005). â€Å"FDR proved to have the exceptional ability to juggle various administrative and political responsibilities. Part of the reason he was able to do so many things simultaneously was that he insisted on bringing the indispensable Louis Howe to Washington with him to serve as his personal secretary. Howe seemed to be everywhere at once, assisting Roosevelt in all matters-scheduling appointments, helping with clerical work, and even helping Roosevelt keep an eye on, and a hand in, New York politics. † (Coker, 2005, pg. 31) In1921 FDR contracted polio, an incurable disease that left his legs paralyzed. By investing a considerable part of his fortune in renovating a spa in Warm Springs, Georgia, whose curative waters, together with strenuous physical therapy and the support of his wife, children and close confidantes, was he able to regain some use of his legs. By 1928 with the relentless help of his wife, Howe and a new personal secretary, Marguerite (Missy) LeHand, FDR was apparently sufficiently recovered to resume his political ambitions to run and win the governorship of New York. The very next year FDR had to cope with the stock market crash in October. The stock market was pretty volatile in the 1920s. With no regulation, Americans and investors bought stock on credit. By the second half of 1929 the economy slowed because of rising unemployment and high interest rates. When everybody started selling stock and found no buyers, the market nosedived. October 24th (Black Thursday†) and October 29th († Black Tuesday†) were two days that marked the beginning of the depression, although not the only cause. At the same time, farmers were taking advantage of new technologies, which caused overproduction. The Stock market crash, along with overseas competition, and urban areas lacking the income to buy agricultural products, caused those prices to crash also. Because of the prosperity in the 1920 over 80% of Americans held no savings at all and the rich stopped buying. Because of all these factors, 5000 banks collapsed, one in four farms went into foreclosure and 100,000 jobs vanished each week. By 1932 one quarter of this country’s people in were unemployed (Baliles, 2005). FDR implemented a number of innovative relief and recovery initiatives: unemployment insurance, pensions for the elderly, limits on work hours, and massive public works projects. These programs labeled him as a liberal reformer and won him reelection as governor in 1930. It is important to note that FDR as Governor surrounded himself with best minds that worked with him in the State Senate, as well as some members of Al Smiths former gubernatorial administration, to solve his States’ problems. At the same time he had Louise Howe, as his chief campaign strategist and the head of the state Democratic Party, James Farley laying the ground work for a presidential campaign (Coker, 2005). In the grip of the great depression, the Democrats turned to FDR in the election season of 1932 to run for President. He was a popular and successful governor for two terms, with a recognizable last name, that could challenge President Hoover. He won the presidency in a landslide, promising the American People a â€Å"New Deal†. Voters extended FDR approval to both houses of congress, giving the democrats overwhelming majority, which would prove vital in FDR’s first year in office. In his inaugural address, FDR promised the distraught Americans hope by telling them that they had â€Å"nothing to fear but fear itself (Baliles, 2005). † True to his character, FDR surrounded himself with a group of advisers nicknamed â€Å"the brain trust†. This brain trust included former progressives, liberal-minded professors and bright young lawyers. One of the traits FDR is consistent on is the ability to recognize when expert help is needed, and then surrounding himself with it (Dubrin, 2004). â€Å"An array of emergency measures proposed by FDR, and passed by Congress reflected three basic goals: industrial recovery through business-government cooperation and pump-priming federal spending; agricultural recovery through crop reduction; and short-term emergency relief distributed through state and local agencies when possible, but directly by the federal government if necessary. † ( Boyer, P. et. al. (2008). pg. 734) â€Å"Between March and June 1933, a period labeled â€Å"Hundred Days,† Congress enacted more than a dozen key measures ( Boyer, P. et. al. (2008). pg. 736). † These measures were all directed to solve every aspect of the depression, including regulating the stock market. Because so many people had been unemployed for some time, the help did not come fast enough. By 1934 the unity spirit of the hundred days was fading, industry was chafing under increasing National Recovery Administration (NRA) regulations. Even Nature seemed to work against recovery efforts. Between 1930 and 1939 the drought in the Oklahoma panhandle region turned much of the Great Plains in the Midwest into a dust bowl. Depression persisted, despite all efforts. FDR put great store in talking to the people, and he used radio to talk to them. He would talk regularly and informally on shows called â€Å"fireside chats† about results and plans to help the nation and alleviate people’s fears (Boyer, P. et. al. (2008). At this point in his research the author remembered the first four chapters of required reading for the class. It is without exaggeration, when saying, that it is hard to single out any one part of these chapters to describe FDR. They simply seem written about him. From the definition of leadership to the nine leadership roles in chapter one, the personality traits, motives and cognitive factors of effective leadership in chapter two, to initiating structure and consideration and attitude and behaviors of a leader in chapter four. FDR had it all. If it has been noticed the Author left out chapter three, because this chapter dealt with Charisma and transformational leadership. It would not be fair to pick any part of this chapter in the authors opinion FDR was the embodiment of this chapter (Dubrin, 2004). While he was loved by the people, the new deal was criticized from all directions. Some saying that the New Deal was going to far, others saying it was not going far enough. FDR seemed to relish the attacks of his critics, saying that the New Deal protected the average American, not the rich. In 1935 FDR fought back the criticism with a series of legislation that eclipsed the first hundred days termed the â€Å"Second New Deal†. He also lost support from the business community because of his support for the Wagner Act and Social Security. Both were the more memorable of FDR’s accomplishments, the former allowed labor unions to organize and bargain collectively, the latter set up programs designed to provide for the needs of the aged, the poor, and the unemployed, but excluding farmers, domestic workers, and the self employed (Baliles, 2005). Because of his popularity with the American people, FDR wins the election of 1936 against Republican Alf Landon by a major majority. What this proved, was that the Democratic Party was the major party in the states. At his inauguration he promised the people to continue to fight for the nation’s underprivileged. FDR put together a group of voters from different regions of the country. This diverse group became the core of the Democratic Party. It came to be called the â€Å"New Deal Coalition† or â€Å"Roosevelt coalition† and included members from different labor, racial, religious and ethnic groups, along with academics and intellectuals (Coker, 2005). FDR is first to realize he can not do it all himself, and has the presents and humility to put together a group that can give him, information, ideas and feedback from every segment of the population he is trying to help (Dubrin, 2004). FDR’s second term in office started with doing something about the resistance he has been encountering to his New Deal. The Supreme Court was on top of his lists of concern. They had overturned some agricultural and industrial New Deal reforms earlier and Roosevelt was concerned for future programs. He found it unbelievable that this body could overrule not only the presidency, but the Congress as well. He blamed it on the lack of vision of several older judges and was determined to do something about it. If they refused to retire or to die, he would find a more systematic way to protect his policies from them. He consulted legal experts and advisers within the organization and came up with the idea to expand the number of judges on the Supreme Court. In 1937 FDR proposed legislation stating that because the age of some of the judges, and in the interest of efficiency, adding an additional new and younger justice for every one of the sitting ones over the age of 75. Most of his opposition called FDR a dictator, but having such a majority in both houses of congress, the bill would have probably passed. Perhaps that was the reason later that year, that the Supreme Court upheld some state and federal legislation. By the time the bill reached the Senate, all the steam went out of the argument and did not pass. The possibility of the event coming to pass however, had such an impact on the Supreme Court that they have not invalidated any legislation concerning regulating business or expanding social rights for the remainder of the century. Having won his point with the court, he was finding the whole federal bureaucracy moving to slow for his tastes, started to bypass established procedures, creating emergency agencies to carry out policies. In 1937 Roosevelt had a plan for reorganizing his cabinet. It called him to receive 6 full time executive assistants, for a single administrator to head the Civil Service Commission, for him and his staff to assume all responsibility in budget planning, and for every executive agency to be under the control of a cabinet department. Although he did get some of these things passed by Congress in 1939, his opposition was able to paint him as imperious and power-hungry (Baliles, 2005). The Author can empathize with FDR on the point of the Judges, mainly because of a similar difficulty in his work environment, involving very high sonority workers that could retire and make room for younger people to work in this difficult economy. He would have told him that he is also of the opinion that any political appointment should not be for life. Frustrated by red tape of bureaucracy FDR shows a segment of entrepreneurial leadership (Dubrin, 2004). To top all this controversy, FDR also tried to eliminate some of the conservatives within his own party by supporting their more liberal opponents in the 1938 primary. This attempt was later labeled â€Å"The great Purge† and failed. Of the 10 Democrats targeted, only one lost. All these were reasons the party suffered significant setbacks, as the Republicans reclaimed 81 seats in the House of Representatives and 8 in the Senate in the 1938 midterm elections. In the midst of these setbacks, international events were becoming more important and harder to ignore. During the internal struggle of the depression the administration had adopted a position of isolation and neutrality toward the rest of the world claiming the United States was dragged into WWI by trade entanglements with European factions. The Japanese invaded the Chinese Mainland in 1937 and the fact this happened with very little resistance, FDR considered responding, concerned Japan might be encouraged to continue to press forward threatening crucial United States locations in the Philippines. Although FDR wanted to respond to the threat, he relented to his opposition. He sufficed to publicly â€Å"quarantined† Japan, mainly to express U. S. opposition to the invasion. He did ask and receive funding for increased naval development in the pacific under the guise of creating more jobs (Baliles, 2005). FDR shows his democratic leadership side as he cedes to the wishes of the population and the political majority and refrains from taking any direct and hostile action toward Japan. He probably realizes that the internal problems need the most focus as Japan has not physically attacked the U. S. Although, like the entrepreneurial and situational leader that he is, he sees an opportunity to use the goals of economic recovery and job creation to build up the country’s defenses. The Author would most likely have suggested using this creative plan to enforce the navy in the Atlantic as well (Dubrin, 2004). In Europe, Germany lead by Hitler was also invading neighboring countries under the guise of reuniting Germanic people under one nation. As long as his actions suited his declaration, France and England were content to stay out of the action. Russia under Stalin, seeing the lack of opposition, made a nonaggression pact with Hitler, and started seizing territory in Eastern Europe, while Hitler invaded Poland. These actions in 1939 shocked the world, with France and England declaring the start of World War II (Coker, 2005). Throughout this aggression in Europe, FDR was hamstrung because of the neutrality acts congress passed between 1935 and 1939. Being as staunch supporter of England and France, he did manage to relax them in 1939, accomplishing two goals, boosting our economy with our allies able to buy arms and munitions from us, as well as supporting them. In a speech to Congress he voiced his opposition to the neutrality laws and his regret of signing them. Explaining that none of our ships would enter hostile waters, the allies buying from us would transport the munitions. He also refrained from using military language, afraid of loosing hard won political support, needed in the upcoming election. At this time decisions war vying for supremacy in FDR between the future of the nation and his political career (Baliles, 2005). It is admirable and probably due to his inner circle of family and friend, that FDR has the presents of mind to divide his concentration between the troubles in Europe, trouble in the country and making sure he wins the election. FDR seems to see himself as a servant leader (Dubrin, 2004). Although expressing concern once that the Democratic Party was becoming to dependent on him, he was confidante he would win the nomination and be a favorite in the election. After a period of indecision, that left the party hanging, FDR announced his full support for the ticket. He did win the nomination and promptly announced his intention to replace the vice president, conservative John Nance Garner with Henry Wallace, a progressive who had been a major player in the administration. This caused a major disagreement within the party as nobody wanted a change. FDR got his way by a narrow margin, simply because he threatened to drop out of the race and resign from the white house immediately (Baliles, 2005). FDR seems to let his position go to his head somewhat as his actions describe a section of chapter 4 entitled the dark side of charismatic leadership. It describes that the end justifies the means (Dubrin, 2004). The race was the most challenging so far for FDR. The republicans, taking advantage of the strife in the Republican Party, tried labeling FDR as unstable and warmonger. In return FDR was warning the public of the threat the republicans would dismantle the New Deal and destroy the progress it had made. FDR would win the presidency for a third term with a narrower margin than the last two. Without the concern of the an election FDR proposed a bill to congress, which he promoted through a â€Å"Fireside chat† as well as a speech in congress, stressing that while the country was a peaceful one, with no intention of entering the war, the country had a good neighbor responsibility to help defeat Hitler through the production of goods and weaponry and a â€Å"Lend-Lease† program, under which the Allies could borrow military hardware to return after use. A bill was passed in congress in early1941 that greatly increased our help to Great Britain. As Hitler was fighting by now against England and Russia, having broken the nonaggression pack, FDR was able to increase the U. S. naval presence in the Atlantic on the threat that Hitler was out of control without breaking the neutrality act. This action caused our ships to come under fire, resulting in the sinking of several. In September of 1941, while mourning the death of his mother, FDR gave our navy orders to fire at will. Emboldened by its alliance with Germany, Japan attacked the U. S. at Pearl Harbor hoping to invade and secure the natural resources, denied them after their alliance with Germany, which they were importing from the U. S. before. On December 8, 1941, FDR delivered his famous â€Å"A ate which will live in infamy† speech, to congress asking for a declaration of war and getting it that same afternoon (Coker, 2005). â€Å"Despite Roosevelts lifelong interest in diplomacy, he never held illusions that he would formulate strategy in case of war. He did, however, expect to stay in close contact with his officers and surround himself with an able advisory team (Coker, 2005, Pg. 134)†. He also took similar steps to reorient the country for war production, creating the War Production Board to oversee mobilization soon joined by an Office of War Mobilization. FDR’s New Deal experience helped him create a cooperative venture between government and private industry to meet defense needs (Coker, 2005). During mobilization FDR brought about significant changes for the betterment of unemployed and minorities. Farmers streamed into cities, finding jobs, women were urged to work at jobs previously occupied by men and everybody was urged to join a union. Unions saw the peek of membership during these years. If the New Deal was slow in turning the economy around, although creating enormous deficit, the Second World War kick started the economy into high gear. Although reluctant and concerned about violating civil liberties, FDR, as was his policy in most military matters, listened to his military advisors and issued Executive Order 9066, which forced over 100,000 Japanese-Americans into internment camps, for security reasons. (Coker, 2005) Controversial and widely criticized later, this action was done out of fear of espionage. At that time, however not the Civil Liberties Union, nor the public objected to this action. If War was not one of FDR’s strong points, organizing, creating smooth transitions using programs such as â€Å"maintenance for membership† and â€Å"no strike-pledge† was. He used fireside chats to explain to the public the need for such policies, applying to patriotism. While researching FDR’s accomplishments during WWII, the author was amazed by his power of persuasion and organization during this time of mass confusion in this country. Had he lived in this time frame, the Author would have liked FDR to tell him how he kept it all straight (Dubrin, 2004). The outlook did not look promising for the allies in the first months of 1942, but things turned against Germany and Japan when the U. S. won victories in the pacific theater in 1943 and â€Å"D-Day† operation was a great success in France in 1944. On the home front, FDR had to concentrate internally again for several reasons. First the Republicans, having won major advancements in the election of 1942 in Congress, were making it almost impossible to pass legislation to fund the war, which mainly consisted of significant tax hikes. The Labor unions were also threatening to strike over this issue. Mainly the public was fed up with funding the war and having to do without. In 1944, FDR made it known to his party that he was willing to run for a forth term. The party acknowledged that he would be their best chance for victory, however, nominated Senator Harry Truman as Vice President. Although a sick man, run down from his years in office, his energetic campaigning and his medical condition, FDR downplayed the situation and convinced the public they should not change leaders in mid-war. He won the presidency against republican New York governor Thomas Dewey by 54% of the popular vote (Baliles, 2005). FDR’s stamina and drive at this point in his life is a little disturbing from the authors point of view. Highly regarded as a great leader, it is surprising he does not recognize his deficiencies and recommends the party choose a different candidate. But then, if his wife, doctor and friends could not persuade him to retire, the author doubts highly that his own powers of persuasion could have influenced FDR to turn the country over to somebody else, and concentrate on his health and family. FDR’s health deteriorated rapidly after the election. He would not live to see the end of WWII. Convalescing in Warm Spring, Georgia on April, 12, 1945; he collapsed and died of cerebral hemorrhage. His body was transported from Georgia to Washington D. C. and from there to Hyde Park, N. Y. for burial. Hundreds of thousands of people came to pay their respects during this final journey, attesting to the fact that he was considered the hero and savior of the 20th century (Boyer, P. et. al. (2008). Congress did limit the terms of a president to two terms shortly after FDR’s death. Actually, the Republican Party started legislation on this subject four years earlier, at the time of the last election. They did not pursue it on the grounds of seeming petty during the election. Over the decades the subject â€Å"FDR†, private life, political life and all his accomplishments, good or bad, would be studied by economists, politicians, and academics as well as students like us. One such example is a Policy Review interview of several students asked to compare the Contract with America which the 1995, 104th Congress and House Speaker Newt Gingrich promised to deliver in less than 100 days with FDR’s New Deal. The Author would like to show Quotes to prove several points. Sally C. Pipes, President of Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy â€Å"Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich and the new Republican House Leadership deserve thanks and congratulations for the successful completion of the Contract with America. What a revolutionary series of events has taken place! With the Contract, a promise to the American people was made; in a little less than the promised hundred days, the promise was kept. Of what other Congress in this Century can that be said? † (Pitney, 1995) Mike Siegel, Former president of the National Association of Radio Talk Show Hosts. â€Å"The Contract with America committed the House Republicans to raising and voting on each of the Contract Items. This was accomplished and should be considered a major shift from politics as usual (Pitney, 1995). † Deroy Murdock, President of Loud & Clear Communication. â€Å"Assuming the Senate and President Clinton cooperate, the enactment of most Contract items, per se, will not influence American politics as profoundly as did FDR in his First Hundred Days. However, the paradigm shift that has accompanied the Contract likely will parallel the new thinking that FDR inspired 62 years ago. † (Pitney, 1995) Mona Charen, Nationally syndicated columnist. â€Å"The First Hundred Days of the Republican majority were like a laser show—full of color and sound, but so fast and furious that it was difficult for voters to single out the benefits of tort reform, welfare reform, or regulatory reform. † (Pitney, 1995) Jeff Jacoby, Nationally syndicated columnist for the Boston Globe. â€Å"So, no, in terms of legislation completed, Gingrich’s First Hundred Days don’t compare with FDR’s. So thoroughly did Gingrich and his army upend that piece of conventional wisdom, that by the end of a hundred days, Bill Clinton was reduced to insisting he still mattered. â€Å"The President,† he sniffled in a mid-April press conference, â€Å"is relevant here. † (Pitney, 1995) William A. Rusher, Former publisher of National Review. â€Å"The First Hundred Days of the new House Republican Leaders will deserve that well-worn adjective â€Å"historic† even if relatively few of the measures listed in their Contract with America ever become law in the form they recognize (Pitney, 1995). † Burton W. Folsom Jr. , Senior Fellow in Economic Education at the Mackinac Center for Public Policy in Midland, Michigan. â€Å"The House Republican Leadership did most of what it said it would do in the Contract with America. The Republican Contract was a conscious, thoughtful, and usually coherent plan that went from campaign document to legislative writ. The New Deal was improvisational and contradictory right from the start. † (Pitney, 1995) John J Pitney, JR. Associate professor of government at Claremont McKenna College. â€Å"The House GOP’s First Hundred Day compared badly with FDR’s. Although all the items in the Contract With America reached the House floor, only two of them became law before the hundredth day. By contrast, FDR signed bushels of bills during the Hundred Days of 1933. Crisis is the great lubricant of the legislative process, and the economic calamities of FDR’s early days briefly suspended Capitol Hill’s normal Friction. Government has become tangled in its own red tape. † (Pitney, 1995) The Author would like to point out, that there is hardly mention of the president of this time and then only to point out that he was left out of the loop. Apparently the House Speaker and the Republican majority in Congress decided they could upstage a Democratic President with a style of government by one of its own party example. As shown, none of the interviewees have lied, but it was entertaining to read just how much of the story a particular party adherent brings to light to prove his point of view. Clearly, the more is known of the story, the worse the scenario of the Contract With America sounds. We have just had a historical presidential election. If FDR started with having blacks, women and other minorities in high office, this country as a whole just elected a black man into the White house. In 1995 Congress took up FDR’s ideology but tried to upend the hierarchy. Since then the Country’s problems have just gotten worse. Again the cry has started and the president has taken up the challenge and stated publicly that he would use some of FDR’s strategies. Immediately the media, economists and scholars exploded with the similarities of the state of the country then and now, advice and warnings to the administration. We are closer to the FDR era state of the economy, the sharp rise in unemployment, the near collapse of the banking industry and the essential pessimism of the population. FDR’s overall message is less caution and more boldness. The congress will also have a democratic majority next year and one of the most liberal caucuses ever, which should facilitate cooperation by past experience. Together with the lubricant of crisis stated earlier should help (Schlesinger, 2009). Two other similarities are contributed to Barack Obama. He unusually charismatic person and is a great speaker, which should help him guide the general public through this crisis. He has surrounded himself with an experienced staff, headed by â€Å"101st Senator† Rouse. To get his agenda passed, he just needs to convince Congress to take some political risks (Drum, 2008). There is hardly any advice this Author can offer that has not already been offered by persons more qualified other than hope. Hope that lessons have been learned from history and similar situations. God knows this country has had most imaginable, and the